Mutation provides the raw material for evolution by creating new alleles, which are alternative forms of the same gene that can result in the development of new traits and characteristics in populations over time. Here option C is the correct answer.
Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation in populations and provides the raw material for evolution. Mutation is a process by which changes occur in the DNA sequence of a gene. These changes can create new alleles, which are alternative forms of the same gene.
An allele is a variant form of a gene that arises through mutation and is responsible for producing different versions of the same trait. For example, a mutation in the gene that controls eye color might create a new allele that results in blue eyes instead of brown ones.
Over time, the accumulation of new alleles through mutation can lead to the evolution of new species with different traits and characteristics. Natural selection then acts on these traits, selecting those that confer an advantage in a particular environment.
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Complete question:
FILL IN THE BLANK. _____ provides the raw material for evolution because it can create new alleles, which are alternative forms of the same ____
A - Repression; mRNA
B - Transcription; codons
C - Mutation; gene
D - Translation; anticodons
When there is a genotype that consists of a dominant and a recessive allele, the phenotype generally looks like the dominant one.
Yes, when there is a genotype consisting of a dominant and a recessive allele, the phenotype is generally the same as the dominant allele.
This is because the dominant allele has a greater effect on the phenotype than the recessive allele, and it is the trait that is expressed when both alleles are present. For example, if the genotype is heterozygous for the trait of eye color, the phenotype will usually look like the dominant eye color (e.g. blue) rather than the recessive one (e.g. brown). This is because the dominant allele is what is expressed when the two alleles are present in the same genotype. In some cases, however, both alleles can be expressed, resulting in a blended phenotype. In conclusion, when there is a genotype that consists of a dominant and a recessive allele, the phenotype generally looks like the dominant one.
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A research team has genetically engineered a strain of fruit flies to eliminate errors during DNA replication. The team claims that this will eliminate genetic variation in the engineered flies. A second research team claims that eliminating errors during DNA replication will not entirely eliminate genetic variation in the engineered flies
(a)Provide ONE piece of evidence that would indicate new genetic variation has occurred in the engineered flies.
New phenotypes provides a piece of evidence that new genetic variation occurs in engineered fruit flies.
In genetics, a phenotype is a set of observable features or characteristics of an organism. The term covers an organism's morphology (physical form and structure), developmental processes, biochemical and physiological characteristics, behavior and products of behavior. The phenotype of an organism is produced by two fundamental factors: the expression of the organism's genetic code (its genotype) and the influence of environmental factors. These two factors may interact to further influence the phenotype. When two or more distinct phenotypes exist within the same population of a species, the species is said to be polymorphic.
A well-documented example of polymorphism is the color of the Labrador Retriever; while coat color depends on many genes, yellow, black, and brown can be clearly seen in the environment. In 1978 and again in his 1982 book The Extended Phenotype, Richard Dawkins proposed that bird's nests and other architectural structures such as stone silkworm larvae and beaver ponds) are considered as "extended phenotypes".
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behavior produces events in the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.
This statement refers to two different types of behavior in behaviorism: operant behavior and respondent behavior.
What is an operant behavior?
Operant behavior, also known as "instrumental conditioning," refers to behavior that produces events in the environment. It is controlled by the consequences that follow it, such as rewards or punishments, and is shaped by reinforcement and punishment contingencies. Examples of operant behavior include pressing a lever to receive food or studying to obtain good grades.
What is respondent behavior?
On the other hand, respondent behavior, also known as "classical conditioning," occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus. It is reflexive and is elicited by a specific antecedent stimulus, without the need for learning. Examples of respondent behavior include salivating at the sight or smell of food, or blinking in response to a puff of air.
In summary, operant behavior produces events in the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.
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Complete question is: behavior produces events in the environment, "behaviorism" respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus
Cancer cells may develop the ability to migrate to other parts of the body and undergo the process of angiogenesis and form new tumors. This process is called __________ and represents a serious threat to the body.
This process is called __ metastasis________ and represents a serious threat to the body.
What is metastasis ?Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the site of the original tumor to other parts of the body where they can form new tumors. This is a complex process that involves the cancer cells breaking away from the original tumor traveling through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and then invading and colonizing a new tissue.
Metastasis is a key feature of malignant tumors and is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. It is also a major challenge in cancer treatment as metastatic tumors are often resistant to conventional therapies and may require more aggressive or targeted approaches.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. In the short-run, the fight-or-flight response and the release of cortisol can ______, but the extended release of cortisol can ______.
In the short run, the fight-or-flight response and the release of cortisol can promote survival, but the extended-release of cortisol can have negative effects on health and well-being.
The fight-or-flight response is a physiological reaction in the body that occurs in response to perceived danger or stress. It is an evolutionary process that is designed to protect the body and prepare it for action in potentially life-threatening situations. As part of this response, the adrenal glands secrete the hormone cortisol, which triggers physiological and behavioral changes to promote survival. However, if the cortisol release is prolonged, it can have a negative effect on physical and mental health. Prolonged cortisol exposure can lead to stress-related health problems, including weight gain, fatigue, headaches, memory problems, and mood swings. In extreme cases, cortisol levels can be so high that they damage brain cells and impair cognitive function. Therefore, while the fight-or-flight response and the release of cortisol can be beneficial in the short-term, extended cortisol exposure can have negative effects on physical and mental health.
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11 Introduction to Genetics
Information and Heredity
Q: How does biological information poss from one
Big
The diagram below shows what you will read about in this chapter and here the dates in
Chapter Summary
organized Study the diagram. Then answer the questions that follow.
11.3 The Work of
Gregor Mendel
11.2 Applying
Mendel's
10
What is the main concept?.
What will you learn about in Lesson 2?.
Probably and Pur squares
Independent pres
A summary of Mendel's principles
Q Search
L
JL
The main concept is genetics and how biological information is passed from one generation to the next.
What is genetics ?Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. It involves the examination and manipulation of genes and the way they are passed down from one generation to the next. Genetics plays a crucial role in understanding how living organisms inherit traits from their parents and how these traits are expressed in different individuals. The study of genetics has many applications in medicine, agriculture, and other fields.
What is medicine ?Medicine is a broad term that refers to substances or treatments used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease, illness, or injury in humans and animals. Medicines can be in the form of drugs, vaccines, medical devices, surgical procedures, and more. They work by targeting specific biological processes or structures in the body to help restore health, relieve symptoms, or prevent disease. Some examples of common medicines include painkillers, antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, insulin, and vaccines.
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What is the probability of having an affected offspring if an unaffected female
parent is crossed with an affected heterozygous male parent?
Assuming that the trait is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, where a single copy of the mutated gene is sufficient to cause the trait, the probability of having an affected offspring is 50%.
What is an offspring ?An offspring is a term used to refer to the young of an animal or plant, produced either sexually or asexually. In sexually reproducing organisms, an offspring is the result of the fusion of genetic material from a male and a female parent, which gives rise to a new individual with a unique combination of genetic traits.
Offspring can vary in number, depending on the species and the reproductive strategy involved. For example, some animals, such as reptiles and birds, lay eggs containing one or more offspring, while others, such as mammals, give birth to live young.
Offspring play an important role in the continuation of a species, as they carry the genetic information that is passed on to future generations. The survival and growth of offspring are influenced by various factors, such as genetics, environmental conditions, and parental care.
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events take place that contribute to genetic diversity during which of the following stages of meiosis?
The double-chromatid Stage of homologous pairs of chromosomes cross across and often swap chromosomal segments during prophase of meiosis I.
By enabling genes from each parent to mingle, this recombination generates genetic variety by resulting in chromosomes with various genetic compositions. The nuclear envelope degrades during prophase I. Chromosomes are formed by the chromatin compacting. The two chromatid-containing homologous chromosomes unite to generate tetrads by connecting at their centromeres (2n 4c).
This is when genetic diversity is produced by "crossing over." Only sister chromatids are still present after meiosis II, and homologous chromosomes have been transferred to other cells. Increasing genetic variety is the goal of crossing over, in case you forgot. Meiosis specifically produces novel genetic material combinations in each of the four daughter cells.
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Correct Question:
Events take place that contribute to genetic diversity during which stages of meiosis?
What is the correct answer ???
Answer:
The answer is corn
Put the following steps in the order that they occur during transcription initiation in eukaryotes, beginning with the first step at the top.RNA polymerase is able to bind to the promoter at the start of the gene and begin transcription.A transcription factor binds to the TATA box of the promoter.The TATA binding protein attracts other transcription factors, including transcription factors bound at enhancers.
The transcription factor attaches to the TATA box, and this complex then entices additional transcription factors including those attached to enhancers to the promoter region.
What actions do eukaryotes take to start transcription?The three sequential phases of eukaryotic transcription initiation, elongation, and termination are carried out in the cell's nucleus. Transcriptional factors are necessary for eukaryotes because they must first attach to the promoter area and then aid in the recruitment of the proper polymerase.
What is the starting point of eukaryotic transcription initiation?RNA polymerase must connect to a DNA sequence upstream of a gene in eukaryotes in order to start transcription, much like in prokaryotic organisms.
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place the correct trait where it most likely evolved on the phylogeny below. vascular tissue, alternation of generation, seeds, flowers
The correct trait where it most likely evolved on the phylogeny is:
Angiosperms then Charophyte green algae then Gymnosperms then comes ferns and in the last it is mosses.
Plants are eukaryotic organisms that make up the kingdom Plantae. These organisms are native to aquatic habitats and have evolved to colonize land. The slow process of evolution has led to the development of 5 diverse floras, each with characteristics common to all of its members.
Step 2: Differences in Aquatic and Terrestrial Plant Habitats
The two main differences between terrestrial and terrestrial habitats are water availability and temperature range. In aquatic habitats, water is abundant and used for a variety of purposes, including gamete conjugation; the water temperatures are also not very high.
In contrast, terrestrial habitats present several challenges to land colonization due to water scarcity and extreme temperature ranges.
Stage 3: Phylogeny of Plants
As plants evolved from aquatic to terrestrial regions, various adaptations and structural modifications occurred. Algae plants (like algae) have a very simple body structure formed from bacterial cells. The distinguishing characteristic between algae and other plants is the formation of embryos (absent in algae).
Among embryogenic plants, bryophytes lack vascular tissue, and all other plant groups have vascular tissue.
Ferns (ferns) differ from the other two groups in that they cannot form seeds.
Two groups of plants with seed development potential are distinguished on the basis of flower production, unlike angiosperms and gymnosperms.
Complete Question:
Use the letters a–d to label where on the phylogenetic tree each of the following derived characters appears. (A) flowers (B) embryos (C) seeds (D) vascular tissue. The letters A to D have been shown in the phylogenetic tree below figure.
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Describe, using relevant examples, the attributes required for, and responsibilities of, sports leadership.
6/2A.P2
Describe the attributes of two selected successful sports leaders.
Explain the attributes required for, and responsibilities of, sports leadership.
Evaluate the attributes of two successful sports leaders.
Compare and contrast the attributes of two successful sports leaders.
Answer:
Explanation:
Sports leadership requires certain attributes and responsibilities. Attributes include strong communication skills, motivation, determination, strategic thinking, and the ability to inspire and influence others. Responsibilities of sports leadership include setting goals, providing direction and guidance, motivating team members, making decisions, and promoting teamwork and sportsmanship.
Examples of successful sports leaders include:
Alex Ferguson: He is a former soccer manager who led Manchester United to numerous championships. He was known for his strategic thinking, motivational skills, and ability to build successful teams.
Pat Summitt: She was a legendary women's basketball coach who led the University of Tennessee to eight national championships. She was known for her strong leadership skills, determination, and commitment to developing her players both on and off the court.
When evaluating the attributes of successful sports leaders, it is important to consider their ability to motivate and inspire their teams, their strategic thinking and decision-making skills, their ability to build successful teams and promote teamwork and sportsmanship, and their commitment to developing their players.
When comparing and contrasting successful sports leaders, it is important to consider their individual leadership styles, their approaches to coaching and motivating their teams, their success in achieving their goals, and their impact on their respective sports and communities.
What is the answer to this question?
Answer:
DNA
Explanation:
Because the nucleus contains the genetics which are inside chromosomes which are in side the DNA which is inside the Nucleus.
enzymes with their highest activity at an alkaline (basic) ph are represented by which of the following graphs?
Which of the following is true of an enzyme? An enzyme __________.
is always a protein
supplies energy to start a chemical reaction
acts as a biological catalyst
is nonspecific
An enzyme acts as a biological catalyst. An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes or speeds up a specific chemical reaction in the body. Here option C is the correct answer.
Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur, thereby increasing the rate of the reaction. Enzymes are highly specific and only work on specific substrates. The active site of the enzyme has a specific shape that fits with the shape of the substrate, allowing it to bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
The specificity of the enzyme ensures that only the appropriate substrates are catalyzed, preventing wasteful or harmful reactions. Enzymes are not sources of energy and do not supply energy to start a chemical reaction. Instead, they lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, which allows the reaction to happen more easily and with less energy input.
Enzymes are typically highly specific to their substrates and reactions, although some enzymes can work on multiple substrates or reactions. Overall, enzymes are essential for many biological processes and play a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of living organisms.
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Complete question:
Which of the following is true of an enzyme? An enzyme __________.
A - is always a protein
B - supplies energy to start a chemical reaction
C - acts as a biological catalyst
D - is nonspecific
Which of the following disorders describes cystic fibrosis?
Responses
autosomal recessive
autosomal dominant
sex linked
mitochondrially inherited
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder.
What is cystic fibrosis?Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited genetic disorder that affects the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. It is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which is located on chromosome 7. The CFTR gene provides instructions for making a protein that regulates the movement of salt and water in and out of cells in the body. CF is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that a person must inherit two copies of the mutated CFTR gene, one from each parent, to develop the condition. If a person inherits only one mutated CFTR gene, they are a carrier of the condition but do not have symptoms. If two carriers have a child, there is a 25% chance that the child will inherit two mutated CFTR genes and develop CF. Autosomal recessive disorders are inherited when both parents carry one copy of a mutated gene, but do not have symptoms of the disorder. In this case, there is a 25% chance that their offspring will inherit two copies of the mutated gene and develop the disorder. Since CF is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, it means that a child can only develop the condition if both parents are carriers or have the condition themselves.
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How does the number of chromosomes in an organism's reproductive cells compare to the number of chromosomes in the organism's body cells? A. The reproductive cells have the same number of chromosomes as the body cells. B. The reproductive cells have twice as many chromosomes as the body cells. C. The reproductive cells have four times as many chromosomes as the body cells. D. The reproductive cells have half as many chromosomes as the body cells.
Answer: D. The reproductive cells have half as many chromosomes as the body cells.
Critically discuss why a school leavers might decide to pursue work directly after school instead of applying for higher education
Which of the following muscles belong to the trunk (chest and abdomen, not including shoulder and buttocks)?
There are many muscles that belong to the trunk (chest and abdomen, not including shoulder and buttocks).
What muscles belong to the trunk ?The trunk is the part of the body that includes the chest and abdomen, but not the arms, legs, shoulders or buttocks. Muscles that belong to the trunk are responsible for movements of the spine, chest, and abdomen. These muscles help with maintaining posture, breathing, and protecting the organs within the trunk. The muscles that are present in the trunk region including chest and abdomen, but not in the shoulder and buttocks are:
Rectus abdominisTransverse abdominisInternal obliqueExternal obliqueDiaphragmIntercostal musclesPectoralis majorPectoralis minorSerratus anteriorErector spinaeQuadratus lumborumLatissimus dorsiTrapezius (lower fibers)Rhomboid majorRhomboid minorTo know more about trunk muscles, visit:
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molecular sequence data and other new methods help biologists classify the diversity of life based on
Molecular sequence data and other new methods help biologists classify the diversity of life based on studies of gene sequence.
Yes, molecular sequence information and other cutting-edge techniques aid biologists in classifying the diversity of life based on gene sequence research. The underlying premise of this research is that the similarity in organism genomes will facilitate the study of the taxonomic relationships between these species.
Molecular phylogenetics is a subfield of phylogeny that examines genetic, hereditary molecular variations, primarily in DNA sequences, to learn more about the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Phylogeny is the study of the relationships and evolutionary histories of particular organisms or groups of organisms. It aids in our comprehension of the relationships between various species and the historical evolution of those species.
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Complete question is:
Molecular sequence data and other new methods help biologists classify the diversity of life based on what?
In the human physiology lab you could measure the physiological activity of all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. Muscles b. Heart c. Lungs d. Liver.
In the human physiology lab you could measure the physiological activity of all the following except Heart.
Muscle activity can be measured using methods like electromyography (EMG), which records the electrical activity of muscle fibers. This can be used to evaluate the effects of training or rehabilitation programs, as well as to assess muscle function and identify neuromuscular disorders.
Lung activity can be measured using methods like spirometry, which measures the volume and flow of air in and out of the lungs. This can be used to evaluate lung function, identify respiratory disorders.
Liver activity can be evaluated using blood tests that assess liver function, such as measurements of liver enzymes, bilirubin, and other liver health markers.
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Upon undergoing change, which of these genes is most likely to result in speciation while a geographic barrier separates two populations of a flowering-plant species?
A) one that affects the rate of chlorophyll a synthesis
B) one that affects the amount of growth hormone synthesized per unit time
C) one that affects the compatibility of male pollen and female reproductive parts D) one that affects the average depth to which roots grow down through the soil
E) one that affects how flexible the stems are
The correct answer is C) one that affects the compatibility of male pollen and female reproductive parts. This is because, when two populations are separated by a geographic barrier, a change in the compatibility of male pollen and female reproductive parts would mean that the two populations can no longer mate and reproduce, which would result in speciation.
The most likely gene to result in speciation while a geographic barrier separates two populations of a flowering-plant species is the one that affects the compatibility of male pollen and female reproductive parts. Option C) one that affects the compatibility of male pollen and female reproductive parts is the most likely gene to result in speciation while a geographic barrier separates two populations of a flowering-plant species. Speciation is the evolutionary process through which populations diverge to form new biological species.
It is defined as the process by which populations of the same species become isolated from one another to the point where they can no longer interbreed to produce viable offspring. The gene that affects the compatibility of male pollen and female reproductive parts is the most likely gene to result in speciation while a geographic barrier separates two populations of a flowering-plant species. This is because if pollen from one population cannot fertilize the female reproductive parts of another population, it can lead to the formation of different species. Hence, the answer is option C.
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) the process called by which molecules move across a barrier,
Answer:
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of the molecules to an area with a lower concentration. For cell transport, diffusion is the movement of small molecules across the cell membrane.
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Thorium-234 has a half-time of 24 days. If a sample that originally contained 200 grams of thorium -234 now contains only 25 grams,what is the age of the sample ?
The age of thorium -234 with half life of 24 days to contain only 25 grams is 72 days.
IsotopeIt will weigh =200/2 =100g after 24 days.It will weigh =200/4 =50g after 48 days.72 days from now, the mass will be 200/8g, or 25g.As a result, thorium will weigh 25g after 72 days.A vital flux in the global carbon cycle, the biological carbon pump, has frequently been estimated using thorium-234 (BCP). The BCP is characterized as the biological flux of detritic carbon from the ocean surface to the ocean interior (Volk & Hoffert, 1985).Thorium is radioactive, hence its usage in consumer goods is restricted or even prohibited in many nations.The beta decay of the thorium-234 nucleus is observed. For this beta decay, the nuclear equation is shown below.For more information on thorium kindly visit to
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select molecules that have stored potential energy and that can be used in aerobic respiration to generate atp.
Carbohydrates, lipids, and protein have potential energy, and can be used in aerobic respiration to generate .
Carbohydrate- A carbohydrate is a naturally occurring substance or a derivative of one, made composed of molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The most prevalent organic compound is a carbohydrate, and all life depends on them.
Lipids- Fatty, waxy, or oily molecules are referred to as lipids. They are soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in polar solvents like water.
Amino acids: Amino acids can be used to generate ATP in aerobic respiration as well. They are broken down into intermediates that can enter the Krebs cycle to generate ATP.
Protein- Large, intricate molecules known as proteins serve a variety of vital functions in the body. They are crucial for the construction, operation, and control of the body's tissues and organs and carry out the majority of their job inside cells
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The following question may be like this:
Select all the molecules that have stored potential energy and that can be used in aerobic respiration to generate atp.
a) lipids carbohydrates
b) water proteins
c) carbon dioxide
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The function of the structure labeled "9" is
The structure labeled "9" in the accompanying figure is a semilunar valve.
It is a one-way valve that is part of the cardiovascular system. Its function is to keep the blood flowing in one direction and prevent it from flowing backwards. It is composed of three cusps or flaps that are located at the entrance and exit of the pulmonary artery and the aorta. When the left ventricle contracts, the pressure in it rises and the cusps of the semilunar valve open, allowing the blood to be forced into the pulmonary artery and the aorta. As the ventricle relaxes and the pressure drops, the cusps close, preventing the blood from flowing back into the ventricle.
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true/false. Contrast the effect of phasic and sustained skeletal muscle contraction on extravascular
compression of blood vessels and on central venous pressure.
The statement is true that phasic and sustained skeletal muscle contraction on extravascular compression of blood vessels and on venous pressure express contrast.
Sustained contractions are long-lasting contractions that happen continually, while phasic contractions are brief contractions that happen sporadically. Extravascular compression can seriously impair muscle blood flow during hard muscular contractions, particularly during prolonged tetanic contractions.
Blood is expelled from the venous vasculature by extravascular compression, which also prevents blood from entering the artery vasculature. The combined result of these forces is increased muscle perfusion.
Changes in abdominal pressure during muscular contraction and variations in intrathoracic pressure during respiration both have an impact on central venous pressure (CVP). Intrathoracic pressure falls during inspiration as CVP rises.
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For a population containing 90females and 10 males, what is the effective population size, ne ?.
This is equal to multiplying the total number of males by the total number of girls by four. Let's proceed, Kuwait's effective population size will be divided by 10 yesterday night by four times ten times ninety. This equals three, one, and the result will be merely six in the end.
What is meant by population size?The size of a population refers to the total number of members. The average person count per unit of area or volume is referred to as population density. The qualities of a species or its environment may have an impact on how individuals are spaced out in a population. The most accurate technique to gauge a population's size is to conduct a full count of its members. This method can be used to estimate the population sizes of trees or other comparably stationary species. Yet, counting every member of the organism would be challenging if it were mobile, like a fish.The density of people within a population's various size classes is referred to as population size-structure.To learn more about population size, refer to:
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the reason water takes so long to heat up and cool down is because it has a relatively high .
The reason water takes so long to heat up and cool down is due to its relatively high specific heat capacity. Specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.
Water has a very high specific heat capacity compared to many other substances, which means that it requires a large amount of heat energy to raise its temperature even by a small amount. This is why water takes longer to heat up compared to other materials with lower specific heat capacities, such as metals.
Similarly, water also takes a longer time to cool down because it requires a significant amount of heat energy to be removed in order for its temperature to drop. This is why it can take a while for the water to cool down to room temperature even after being heated.
The high specific heat capacity of water is important for many biological and environmental processes. For example, it helps to regulate the temperature of the human body and other living organisms, and it can also moderate temperature changes in aquatic environments.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. NK cells secrete ________, which kills an abnormal cell by creating large pores in its plasma membrane.
NK cells, or natural killer cells, secrete perforin, which is a protein that plays a key role in their cytotoxic activity.
Perforin helps NK cells to kill abnormal cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, by creating pores or holes in their plasma membrane. These pores allow water and ions to flow into the cell, causing it to swell and burst, ultimately leading to cell death.
In addition to perforin, NK cells also secrete other cytotoxic molecules such as granzymes, which can enter the abnormal cell through the pores created by perforin and trigger apoptosis, or programmed cell death.
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