explain the mechanism of action of benzodiazepine hypnotics. what is the main site of action to produce this effect?

Water molecules in the Earth's water cycle can be millions of years old. They can be reused over and over through evaporation, precipitation, and infiltration.

Water molecules on Earth are constantly circulating through the water cycle, which includes processes such as evaporation, precipitation, and infiltration. As water evaporates, it rises into the atmosphere and eventually falls back to the surface as precipitation. This process can repeat many times, with the same water molecules being reused over and over. In this way, water molecules can be millions of years old, as they are constantly being cycled through the water cycle and reused. For example, groundwater can be hundreds of thousands to millions of years old, and can contain water molecules that have been circulating for a long period of time. When we drink water, we may be consuming water molecules that are millions of years old, but have been purified and replenished through the water cycle.

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Ionic compounds are formed when there is a donation of an electron from one element to another that receives the electron. This causes the donating atom to attain a positive charge and the receiving atom to attain a negative charge. The ions are held by strong electrostatic forces that hold them in a fixed state.

The proposed synthesis of the cyclopentanone involves hydration of an alkene, which will not provide the desired product.

Additionally, the proposed reaction is a reversible reaction, so there is a risk of a competing reverse reaction that would result in the production of the starting material rather than the desired product.

Therefore, the hydration step of this synthesis would be the most problematic.

The hydration of an alkene is a reversible reaction, which means that it is possible for the reaction to go in the opposite direction and produce the starting material instead of the desired product. This can be a major problem when attempting to synthesize a given compound, as it can lead to a decrease in yield or even complete failure to synthesize the desired product.

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The term mole concept is used here to determine the number of moles of N₂O. Here 8.21 x 10²³ molecules of N₂O have 1.36 moles.

One mole of a substance is defined as that quantity of it which contains as many entities as there are atoms exactly in 12 g of carbon - 12. The formula used to calculate the number of moles is:

Number of moles = Given mass / Molar mass

An equation connecting the number of molecules and number of moles of molecules can be represented as:

Number of molecules in a sample = Number of moles of molecules × Avogadro number (6.022 × 10²³)

From this equation the number of moles is:

Number of moles of molecules = Number of molecules in a sample / 6.022 × 10²³

= 8.21 x 10²³/ 6.022 × 10²³ = 1.363 moles.

Thus the number of moles in 8.21 x 10²³ molecules of N₂O is 1.363 moles.

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A sample of calcium bromide contains 20% calcium and 80% bromine by mass. The empirical formula of the compound formed is CaBr2

Given:

A substance with the chemical formula 20% Ca and 80% Br.

In search of:

When the compound's molecular weight is 200.

Let's say that the mixture formed is 100.

Let's search for the mole of Ca and Br individually now.

Ca mole = 20/40 = half

"Mole of Br" = "80/80"

CaBr2 is the result of the 1:2 ratio between Ca and Br.

So, the empirical formula is CaBr2.

An empirical formula is a chemical formula for a compound that only specifies the ratios of the elements present in the molecule and not the exact number or arrangement of atoms. This would be the element to whole number ratio of the lowest valued compound.

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The pressure inside the flask is approximately 3307.2 mm Hg.

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of oxygen gas in the flask:

Mass of oxygen = 0.60 g

Molar mass of oxygen = 16.0 g/mol

n = mass / molar mass = 0.60 / 16.0 = 0.0375 moles

Next, we need to convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin:

T (Kelvin) = T (Celsius) + 273 = 22 + 273 = 295 K

And the gas constant R = 0.0821 Latm/molK

Plugging in the values into the Ideal Gas Law:

P = (nRT) / V = (0.0375 x 0.0821 x 295) / (5 x 10^-3) = 4.37 atm

Finally, to convert atm to mm Hg, we multiply by 760 mm Hg/atm:

P (mm Hg) = 4.37 x 760 = 3307.2 mm Hg

Ideal Gas Law is an equation that explains the behavior of an ideal gas. An ideal gas is a theoretical gas that follows a set of defined rules and behaves in a certain way under specific conditions. Ideal gas law is expressed as PV = nRT, where P is the pressure of the gas, V is its volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

This law states that the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas are proportional to each other and can be used to predict the behavior of gases under different conditions. The ideal gas law is useful for a wide range of applications, from engineering to thermodynamics, and is a key concept in the study of gases.

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Temperature, pressure, and volume are interrelated in a state of equilibrium. When temperature is held constant, an increase in pressure will result in a decrease in volume.

1.As the temperature of a gas increases, the volume it occupies at constant pressure also increases.

2.As the pressure of a gas increases, the volume it occupies at constant temperature decreases.

3.As the volume of a gas decreases at constant temperature, the pressure it exerts increases.

4.As the volume of a gas increases at constant temperature, the pressure it exerts decreases.

5.The relationship between temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas can be described by the Ideal Gas Law.

6.Changes in temperature, pressure, and volume can affect the physical and chemical properties of a gas.

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You poured 2.5 ml into a serological pipette. 10 ml can fit within. 2.5ml will be dispensed if the number 0 is at the top near the pump.

To determine how much liquid you will dispense, you need to know how much liquid you want to remove from the pipette.

If you filled a serological pipette to the 2.5 mL mark and it can hold 10 mL, then the pipette is currently filled to 2.5/10 = 0.25 or 25% of its total volume. If you want to dispense all of the liquid in the pipette, you would dispense 2.5 mL.

If you want to dispense a smaller amount, you can use the volume markings on the pipette to measure out the desired volume. For example, if you want to dispense 1 mL, you could dispense the liquid until the volume in the pipette reads 1.0 mL.

It's important to note that when using a serological pipette, you should always dispense slowly and carefully to ensure accurate measurement and avoid splashing or introducing air bubbles into the liquid.

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A function of iron in plants​ is to carry photosynthesis because this mineral is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll.

The relative importance of iron to perform photosynthetic activities in plants is crucial in the sense it is used to generate chlorophyll molecules.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that the relative importance of iron to perform photosynthetic activities in plants is associated with the production of the pigment required to absorb light energy during this type of process.

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We must first determine the number of moles of H2SO4 contained in one litre of 9.61 M H2SO4 solution in order to compute the mole fraction of H2SO4.

The formula for calculating the amount of H2SO4 in the solution is:

Moles of H2SO4 are calculated as follows: 9.61 mol/L x (1000 mL / 1 L) = 9610 mmol; molarity of H2SO4 x volume of solution in litres

Calculating the solution's mass is the next step. To accomplish this, we can use the solution's density:

moles of all components = mass of solution / molecular weight of H2SO4 = 1520 g / 98.079 g/mol = 15.50 mol moles of H2SO4 / moles of all components = 9610 mmol / (15.50 mol x 1000 mmol/mol) = 0.620 mole fraction of H2SO4 = moles of H2SO4 / moles of all components = 9610 mmol

Hence, 0.620 moles of H2SO4 make up the solution.

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The strength of the intermolecular attractions between particles in a substance affects the behavior of that substance, including its state, as well as its physical and chemical properties. In general, the strength of the intermolecular attractions is proportional to the boiling point of the substance, with stronger intermolecular attractions resulting in higher boiling points.

The number of particles in the gas phase depends on the temperature, pressure, and volume of the gas, and is proportional to the number of particles with enough thermal energy to escape the intermolecular attractions holding them in the liquid or solid phase.

The strength of the intermolecular attractions affects the amount of thermal energy required to escape these attractions and enter the gas phase, and therefore affects the number of particles in the gas phase at a given temperature.

In general, substances with weaker intermolecular attractions will have more particles in the gas phase at a given temperature, compared to substances with stronger intermolecular attractions. This is because the weaker attractions require less thermal energy to overcome, allowing more particles to enter the gas phase.

What is the strength of attraction between particles in a gas?

Weak compared to a solid or liquid - the gas particles are moving around at a speed with a large amount of kinetic energy.

Why is the force of attraction between gas particles weak?

The molecules in gases are really spread out, full of energy, and constantly moving around in random ways. Hence, light gas does not have the force of attraction between particles of matter.

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Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) can be used to neutralize a concentrated sulphuric acid spill fairly safely.

What is neutralize?

A neutralization reaction is a chemical process in which an acid and a base combine to produce salt and water as the end products. H+ ions and OH- ions combine to form water during a neutralization reaction.

Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) can be used to safely neutralize a concentrated sulphuric acid spill, whereas caustic soda could generate a lot of heat and fumes. Although sodium bicarbonate has a lower heat of reaction, the carbon dioxide gas it produces will result in intense bubbling. Since sodium bicarbonate is not particularly dangerous, adding too much is not a cause for concern. Although crushed limestone is a great option as well, there will be more fuming due to the higher heat of the reaction. Large-scale acid neutralization at the site would necessitate the presence of personnel who are very familiar with this process. Prior to neutralization, it is advised that as much spilled material as possible be recovered.

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a. London dispersion forces- intermolecular force is exist between an CO2 molecules.

b. Dipole-dipole interaction- intermolecular force is exist between an CO molecules.

A steady change in the relative ratios of two or more substances up to the point at which they become homogenous when combined; this point is known as the limit of solubility.

Solute refers to an object that dissolves in a solution. In fluid solutions, there is a larger concentration of solvent than solute. Salt and water are two excellent examples of substances that we use on a daily basis. Since salt dissolves in water, it serves as the solute.

a. London dispersion forces- intermolecular force is exist between an CO2 molecules.

b. Dipole-dipole interaction- intermolecular force is exist between an CO molecules.

c. Hydrogen bonding- Methanol, ethanol, ammonia, and methylamine are soluble in water because they can form.

d. Ion-dipole interaction- intermolecular force is responsible for the attraction between an KCl and a water molecule.

Therefore, The principal type of solute-solvent interaction in each of the following solutions are mentioned below.

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The percent yield for the given reaction is 70.37% that is calculated in the below explanation.

The chemical equation can be depicted as follows-

CS2+4 Cl2----> CCl4 +2 SCl2

In the given reaction, the excess reagent is CS2 and the limiting reagent is 6.47 g.

Theoretical yield can be calculated as follows-

6.47 g Cl2 * 1 mol Cl2 / 71 g Cl2 * 1 mol CCl4 /4 mole Cl2  * 154 g CCl4 / 1 mole CCl4

=6.47g * 155 g /71*4 g =3.51 g

Percent yield is the ratio of actual yield to the theoretical yield multiplied by 100.

Percent yield=actual yield/theoretical yield

=2.74/3.51 * 100

=70.37%

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Answer:

volcanic erruption do not cause earth quakes

40 grams of a sodium chloride are added to 150 grams of water. The water cools by 5 degrees Celsius. Therefore, 3974.8J  is the heat of solution of the sodium chloride.

Calorimetry (from Latin calor 'heat' and Greek v (metron)'measure') is the science or act of trying to measure changes in state factors of a body to derive the temperature difference associated with changes in its state caused by chemical interactions, physical changes, as well as phase transformations under specified constraints.

A calorimeter is used to perform calorimetry. The discipline of calorimetry is considered to have been founded by Scottish physician as well as scientist Joseph Black, who became the first to establish the distinction among heat and temperature.

q = m ×c×ΔT

    = 190 ×4.184×5

    =3974.8J

Therefore, 3974.8J  is the heat of solution of the sodium chloride.

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101 grams of potassium nitrate are produced.

One mole of a compound contains Avogadro's number (6.022 x 1023) of molecules (molecular compounds) or formula units (ionic compounds). The molar mass of a compound indicates the mass of 1 mole of this substance. In other words, it indicates the number of grams per mole of compound. The molar mass of a substance is defined as the mass of one mole of that substance expressed in grams per mole, equal to the mass of 6.022 × 10 23 atomic, molecular, or formula units of that substance. 0.557 mol of K2S, or 0.5 * 110 grams

= 55 grams of K2S

0.5 mol reacts with 1 mol LiNO3 to form 1 mol potassium nitrate

Mass = 101g

101 grams of potassium nitrate are produced.  

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The equation for the response between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2) is: 2 NaOH (aq) + 2 Mg(NO3)2 (aq) → 2 Mg(OH)2 (s) + 3 NaNO3 (aq).

If the adjustment of interior energy (E) of a framework is positive, it implies that the response is exothermic and heat is let out of the framework. This response is exothermic in light of the fact that the last state has a lower complete energy than the underlying state because of the development of the strong magnesium hydroxide encourage and the arrival of intensity. The extent of the adjustment of inward energy relies upon how much reactants and the circumstances under which the response happens.

The response between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2) is adjusted as: 2 NaOH (aq) + 2 Mg(NO3)2 (aq) → 2 Mg(OH)2 (s) + 3 NaNO3 (aq). On the off chance that the adjustment of inward energy (E) of a framework is positive, it implies the response is exothermic and heat is delivered. This implies that the last condition of the framework has lower all out energy than the underlying state. The development of strong magnesium hydroxide hasten and the arrival of intensity add to this reduction in energy. The extent of the adjustment of energy relies upon how much reactants and response conditions.

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The complete question is:

Write the equation for the chemical reaction for Sodium Hydroxide Reacts With Magnesium Nitrate To Form Magnesium Hydroxide (MW = 58.3 G/Mol) Precipitate And Sodium Nitrate. NaOH (Aq) + Mg (NO_3)_2 (Aq) Rightarrow Mg(OH)_2 (S) + NaOH_3 (Aq) Balance The Reaction. 2 NaOH (Aq) + 2 Mg(NO_3)_2 (Aq) Rightarrow 2 Mg(OH)_2 (S) + 3 NaNO_3 (Aq) If The Change In The Internal Energy, E, Of A System Is Positive.

The volume of air in the tire will decrease as the temperature drops. This can be calculated using the Ideal Gas Law:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.

Since the pressure and number of moles are constant, we can rearrange the equation to solve for the volume:

V = nRT / P

We can use the initial volume and temperature to calculate the new volume with the lower temperature:

V2 = V1 × (T2 / T1)

where T1 is the initial temperature and T2 is the final temperature.

Plugging in the numbers:

V2 = 455 [tex]in^{3}[/tex] × (3 C / 35 C)

V2 = 455 [tex]in^{3}[/tex] × 0.085714

V2 = 39.06 [tex]in^{3}[/tex]

So the volume of air in the tire will decrease to 39.06 cubic inches ([tex]in^{3}[/tex])  as the temperature drops from 35 degrees C to 3 degrees C.

The ideal gas law is an equation that explains the connection between an ideal gas's pressure, volume, and temperature. It claims that an ideal gas's pressure is inversely related to its volume and directly proportionate to its temperature (measured in Kelvin). PV = nRT denotes the equation, where P denotes pressure, V denotes volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R denotes the ideal gas constant (8.31 J/mol-K), and T denotes Kelvin temperature. Although the ideal gas law idealizes real gases, it offers a decent approximation for many gases under typical circumstances. Although it has some restrictions, it is a good approximation of the behavior of numerous gases under various circumstances.

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This is a case of electrostatic interactions.

Electrostatic interactions refer to the attractive or repulsive forces that occur between two objects with opposite electrical charges. These forces are caused by the electromagnetic field created when a charge is placed on a material. An example of an electrostatic interaction would be when a balloon is rubbed against a wool sweater and the balloon is subsequently attracted to the surface of a wall. The attraction is caused by the transfer of electrons from the wool sweater to the balloon, which gives the balloon a negative charge in relation to the wall, which has a positive charge. The opposite charges between the balloon and the wall create an electrostatic force of attraction. Electrostatic interactions are typically much weaker than covalent or ionic bonds, but they can still be significant.

When strong electrolytes dissolve in water, the ions separate from the compound and become surrounded by water molecules. The water molecules have a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms.

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The solution becomes cloudy with a white solid, is the observation that indicates the chemical reaction.

A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, also called reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, known as products. Substances are either chemical elements or compounds.

A chemical reaction is usually accompanied by easily observed physical effects, such as the emission of heat and light, the formation of a precipitate, the evolution of gas, or a color change.  Absolute confirmation of a chemical change can only be validated by chemical analysis of the products.

Therefore, the solution becomes cloudy with a white solid is the correct choice.

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--The complete question is, During an experiment, Jon exhales through a straw and blows bubbles into a solution. Which observation would most likely indicate that a chemical reaction is occurring?

a. The bubbles disappear into the solution before reaching the surface.

b. The gas forms a layer above the surface of the solution.

c. The solution becomes very stirred up by the bubbles.

d. The solution becomes cloudy with a white solid.--

The difference of freezing point of the solution is 11.5°C. The Kf value is directly proportional to the difference. The Kf value of the solvent here is 24 °C Kg/mol.

The addition of a non-volatile solute will decrease the freezing point of the solution relative to the pure solvent.

The depression in freezing point is directly proportional to the molality of the solution.

ΔTf = Kf m

Here, the proportionality constant Kf is called molal depression constant.

ΔTf  = Kf W2 1000 / M W1.

here, W1 be the mass of solvent and W2 be the mass solute.

W1 = 25 g

W2 = 0.2113

molar mass of solute M (for water here) = 18 g/mol.

ΔTf = 11.5 °C

then Kf = ΔTf M W1/1000 W2

Kf = 11.5 °C × 25 g ×18 g/mol / (1000 × 0.2113 g) = 24 °C Kg/mol

Therefore, the kf of the solvent is  24 °C Kg/mol.

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What happened was that steam cools and water molecules moved closer together. Option A.

Condensation is a change of phase during which water vapor changes to liquid as a result of loss of energy.

When water boils, molecules of water move from liquid and become gases. These gases are known as water vapor. Once this vapor loses energy, they condense back into liquids.

Thus, the water droplets forming on the inside of the glass lid is as a result of the cooling of water vapor and the resulting water molecules moving closer together.

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Answer:

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Explanation:

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There are two steps in the accepted mechanism for acetal hydrolysis that can be classified as nucleophilic attack.

What is nucleophilic attack?

Nucleophilic attack is a chemical reaction in which a nucleophile (an electron pair donor) reacts with an electrophile (an electron pair acceptor) to form a bond. This reaction occurs when the nucleophile donates a pair of electrons to the electrophile, forming a new covalent bond. Nucleophilic attack is a key part of many organic reactions, such as SN2 reactions and acid-base reactions. In addition, nucleophilic attack can be used to form complexes with transition metals, as well as to facilitate reactions such as alkylation and acylation. It is important to know the reactivity of both the nucleophile and the electrophile in order to predict the outcome of the reaction.

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The interplanar spacing between (211) planes of lead is 0.155 nm. yes this plane diffract in an xrd experiment.

The interplanar spacing (d-spacing) between (211) planes of lead can be calculated using the following formula:

d = 2 * r / √h^2 + k^2 + l^2

where r is the atomic radius (0.175 nm), h, k, and l are the Miller indices for the particular set of lattice planes, and in this case (h, k, l) = (2, 1, 1).

Plugging in the values, we get:

d = 2 * 0.175 nm / √2^2 + 1^2 + 1^2

d = 2 * 0.175 nm / √4 + 2

d = 0.35 nm / 2.236

d = 0.155 nm

So, the interplanar spacing between (211) planes of lead is 0.155 nm.

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A feasible model for the atom proposed by Rutherford in this scenario would be the planetary model.

What is feasible model?

A feasible model is a model which takes into account the constraints of a given problem, such as time and resources, and is able to deliver a solution which meets the objectives set out in the problem. A feasible model is typically used in operations research and management science to help identify the best solution to a given problem. It is important to note that a feasible model is not necessarily the most optimal solution, but rather one which is both achievable and realistic.

According to this model, the atom consists of a central, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbits similar to the planets around the sun. The nucleus holds most of the atom's mass, and the electrons orbit the nucleus much as planets orbit the sun. This model explains why nearly all of the alpha particles were deflected back, as the positive charge of the nucleus repelled the alpha particles.

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The molar mass of the compound is [tex]4.167 g/mol.[/tex]

The molar mass of the compound is calculated using the ideal gas law, which states that [tex]PV = nRT[/tex], where P is the pressure, V is the volume,R is the ideal gas constant, T is the temperature, and n is the quantity of moles of the gas.

To calculate the molar mass, we rearrange the ideal gas law to solve for n:

[tex]n =\frac{ PV}{RT}[/tex]

For the given information,[tex]P = 750 torr, V = 256 mL, R = 0.0821 L- atm/K -mol, T = 373 K.[/tex]. We can plug these values into the equation to calculate the number of moles of the gas:

[tex]n =\frac {(750 torr)(0.256 L)}{(0.0821 L-atm/K-mol)(373 K) }\\ \\= 0.192 mol[/tex]

We also know that 0.800 g of the compound is present. We can use the molar mass to calculate the number of moles of the compound:

[tex]Molar mass =\frsc{ 0.800 g }{0.192 mol}\\ \\ = 4.167 g/mol[/tex]

Therefore, the molar mass of the compound is [tex]4.167 g/mol.[/tex]

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As the temperature of a solution changes, its volume will also change, which will affect its molarity but not its molality is the best statement that explains why molality is used instead of molarity in this equation is So, the correct choice is option (d).

Molality (m) and molarity (M) both use to express the concentration of a solution. As we know, Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute present in volume of solution. That is if 'n' and 'V' be number of moles of solute and volume of solution respectively then Molarity, M of solution is, M = n/V

Molarity ∝ 1/volume and volume ∝ temperature

so, Molarity ∝ 1/ temperature

but Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute present in mass of solvent. That is molality,

m = n/m'

so, molality ∝ 1/mass of solvent not volume

therefore, molality is independent of temprature. So, when there is change in temperature then molality will prefer instead of molarity in this equation.

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Complete question :

The equation used to calculate the change in freezing point (ΔTf) of a substance is ΔTf=Kfm

where Kf is the freezing point depression constant and m is the molality of the solution.

Which of the statements explains why molality is used instead of molarity in this equation?

A: Molality does not appear in many equations, so it is used here to distinguish this equation from other similar ones

B: The equation was originally published with m as a typo, rather than M, but the values are close enough that the equation is still valid.

C: In solutions, moles are not directly related to grams and the freezing point of a solution is dependent solely on the number of grams of solute.

D: As the temperature of a solution changes, its volume will also change, which will affect its molarity but not its molality.