Explain how a plant grows. What are phototropism, thigmotropism, and gravitropism.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer: The growth of a plant toward light is called phototropism. Stems and leaves grow toward the light to obtain more light for photosynthesis. Gravitropism is plant growth in response to gravity. This can be seen in how roots grow downward and stems develop upward. Thigmotropism is a plant's response to touch.

Explanation:


Related Questions

10 QUESTIONS AHEAD

Q.1 What latitude climate belt, or zone, is China found in based on its latitudinal location?
Low Latitudes
Artic/Antarctic
Mid-Latitudes
Tundra

Q.2 What is China's capital city's absolute location?
40N 115E
45N 120E
38N 105E
40N 108E

Q.3 What country is found at 45N 105E?
China
Mongolia
Vietnam
Tibet

Q.4 Which city is found at 32N 121E?
Chengdu
Nanjing
Hangzhou
Shanghai

Q.5 What latitude line goes through Thailand?
15S
28N
15N
30N

Q.6 What line of longitude goes through Bhutan?
90W
101W
90E
101E

Q.7 Is China found North or South of the Equator?
Q.8 Is China found East or West of the Prime Meridian?

Q.9 Which body of water is due east of China?
South China Sea
East China Sea
Arabian Sea
Indian Ocean

Q.10 Which country is southeast of the Yunnan province?
Thailand
Bhutan
Myanmar
Vietnam

Answers

Q1: Mid latitudes

Q2: 40N 115E

Q3: Mongolia

Q4: Shanghai

Q5: 15N

Q6: 90E

Q7: North

Q8: West

Q9: East China Sea

Q10 Vietnam

proof?

I'm taking the February skills check as well right now (k12 - geography)

hope you do well!

Answers:

1. Mid-latitudes

2. 40N, 115E

3. Mongolia

4. Shanghai

5. 15N

6. 90E

7. North

8. East

9. East China Sea

10. Vietnam

How does gravity play a role in moving water in the water cycle?
How does Sun energy play a role in moving water in the water cycle?
How do clouds form?

Answers

Gravity reasons precipitation to fall from clouds and water to waft downward at the land thru watersheds.

Energy from the solar and the pressure of gravity force the chronic biking of water amongst those reservoirs. As the water is heated, it adjustments nation from a liquid to a gas. This manner is known as evaporation. Gravity pulls denser air and water downward, forcing much less dense air and water to transport upward. The heat water close to the floor of the sea heats up with daylight and evaporates, retaining the water cycle in motion. The water cycle is pushed commonly through the electricity from the solar. This sun energy drives the cycle through evaporating water from the oceans, lakes, rivers, or even the soil. Other water movements from flowers to the environment thru the manner of transpiration. Gravity is what holds the planets in orbit across the solar and what maintains the moon in orbit round Earth. The gravitational pull of the moon pulls the seas toward it, inflicting the sea tides.

To learn more about evaporation check the link below:

https://brainly.com/question/30639005

#SPJ4

For regional integration to be successful, member countries need to undertake _____. a. spatial transformations b. economic geography c. free trade

Answers

For regional integration to be successful, member countries need to undertake option. a. spatial transformations.

The process of bringing together various nations that are located in a specific geographical area into an economic and political alliance is known as regional integration. By lowering trade barriers such as tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers and providing a framework for economic and political cooperation, it is a means of enhancing economic cooperation and integration between nations.

Countries' political dialogue and interaction are also facilitated by regional integration, allowing them to collaborate on common projects. Further economic and political cooperation, such as the establishment of a common market or a customs union, may result from this process. In the end, regional integration may result in the establishment of a fully functioning supranational government.

To learn more about regional integration

https://brainly.com/question/30625731

#SPJ4

what is infiltration

Answers

Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. It is commonly used in both hydrology and soil sciences.

The rate of infiltration is determined by the permeability of the soil, the presence of vegetation, and the slope of the land. Infiltration can be an important factor in the water cycle, as it can help to recharge groundwater and maintain healthy ecosystems.

It is important to note that infiltration is not the same as percolation, which is the movement of water through the soil. Infiltration is the initial entry of water into the soil, while percolation is the movement of that water through the soil layers. Both processes are important for maintaining healthy ecosystems and ensuring that water is available for plants and other organisms.

Learn more about "Infiltration" here:

https://brainly.com/question/14241380

#SPJ11

Write example of transform boundary

Answers

A transform boundary is a type of plate boundary where two plates slide past each other in opposite directions. This type of boundary is also called a strike-slip boundary or a conservative boundary.  Examples of transform boundaries include the San Andreas Fault in California and the Dead Sea Transform in the Middle East.

One example of a transform boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California. This fault is where the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate are sliding past each other. The Pacific Plate is moving northwest relative to the North American Plate, creating the transform boundary.

This movement has caused many earthquakes along the fault line, including the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.

Another example of a transform boundary is the Dead Sea Transform in the Middle East. This boundary is where the Arabian Plate and the African Plate are sliding past each other. This movement has created the Dead Sea, which is the lowest point on Earth's surface.

To learn more about transform boundary refer here

https://brainly.com/question/15046052#

#SPJ11

What plates are involved and meet across the east anatolian fault?

Answers

The Anatolian Plate and the northward-moving Arabian Plate are involved and meet across the east Anatolian fault.

In eastern Turkey, there is a significant fault called the East Anatolian Fault. Because of the collision of the Arabian Plate with the Anatolian Plate, a complicated fault system has developed. A collection of strike-slip faults that are broadly east-west orientated define the fault.

The Arabian Plate and the Anatolian Plate are the two plates that came into contact with one another and formed the East Anatolian Fault. The East Anatolian Fault is the result of the contact between the Arabian Plate, which is migrating northward towards the Anatolian Plate at a rate of roughly 2 cm per year, and these two plates.

The East Anatolian Fault is a significant tectonic boundary in the area and has historically been the source of numerous significant earthquakes. The fault is active right now and is regarded as a seismically active and earthquake-prone region.

To know more about east Anatolian fault

brainly.com/question/30871710

#SPJ4

Many of Mexicoâs factories are found near the border it shares with the United States. Manufacturing is a significant part of Mexicoâs growing economy. What is the most likely advantage of locating manufacturing centers near the Mexico-United States border? (WG.11B)
answer choices
proximity to the Rio Grande as a water source
young labor force in need of employment
availability of land for construction of factories
ease of exportation to markets in the United States

Answers

The most likely advantage of locating manufacturing centers near the Mexico-United States border is ease of exportation to markets in the United States.

Mexico's close proximity to the United States makes it an attractive location for companies seeking to reduce transportation costs for goods produced in Mexico to be sold in the United States. Additionally, trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have made it easier for Mexican-made goods to enter the U.S. market, further boosting Mexico's competitiveness as a manufacturing hub.

These factors, combined with Mexico's abundant supply of low-cost labor, have made the country a major player in the global manufacturing industry and a popular location for companies seeking to produce goods at a lower cost.

To learn more about North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) visit: https://brainly.com/question/27372794

#SPJ4

what effect does central americaâs location on top of moving tectonic plates have on the region?

Answers

The effect that tectonic plates have on the region of central america is many earthquakes and volcanoes.

Central America has regular earthquakes and volcanic eruptions as a result of its location where many tectonic plates intersect and exert pressure on one another. Earthquakes can happen when these plates unexpectedly shift or rupture. Volcanoes are another common phenomenon at these plate boundaries.

In addition to frequent earthquakes, a number of Central America's volcanoes periodically erupt violently. The highlands of the volcanic zones have, however, transformed into exceptionally productive agricultural regions and densely populated places due to the fertile soil created by weathered volcanic lavas.

Know more about tectonic plates here

brainly.com/question/28988009

#SPJ4

economics are the activites involved is producing selling and buying products and _____ requires for the basic needs

Answers

economics is the activities involved in producing, selling, and buying products and services required for the basic needs.

Where is the bermuda triangle located?

Answers

Answer: The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is an urban legend focused on a loosely defined region in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean where a number of aircraft and ships are said to have disappeared under mysterious circumstances. The idea of the area as uniquely prone to disappearances arose in the mid-20th century, but most reputable sources dismiss the idea that there is any mystery.

Explanation:

why is surface water near the equator not likely to sink down into the deep ocean?a. Because water near the Equator is much warmer than the deep ocean so there is no density difference between the surface and deep ocean
b. Because water near the Equator is much warmer than the deep ocean so the surface water is much less dense and will not sink
c. Because water near the Equator is saltier than the deep ocean so the surface water is much more dense and will not sink

Answers

Water near the equator will not sink because it is warmer and lighter. Warm water is less dense than cold water. Hence the correct answer is option b

The water molecules spread out more and travel more quickly when the water is heated. Due to this, heated water is less thick than water at normal temperature. Since hot water is less thick than room-temperature water, it floats atop it.

Ocean currents are vital in regulating the climate because they transport heat from the equator to the poles. The importance of ocean currents to marine life cannot be overstated. They transport reproductive cells and marine life to new locations as well as nutrients and food to creatures that are firmly affixed to one location.

To know more about ocean currents here

https://brainly.com/question/1145641

#SPJ4

when two oceanic plates converge, it produces which type of volcanoes? a. mid ocean ridge volcanoes b. continental arc volcanoes c.island arc volcanoes d. hot spot volcanoes.

Answers

When two oceanic plates converge, it produces island arc volcanoes.

What is island arc volcanoes?

Along the convergent tectonic plate boundaries are lengthy chains of active volcanoes with significant seismic activity known as island arcs. Because of the lithosphere's descent into the mantle along the subduction zone, most island arcs developed on oceanic crust. They are the main means of achieving continental development. Depending on their seismicity and the existence of volcanoes, island arcs can either be active or inactive. Active arcs are the ridges of recently formed volcanoes that have a profound seismic zone nearby. A deep-sea trench, a string of active or recently extinct volcanoes, a big negative Bouguer anomaly on the convex side of the volcanic arc, and a distinctively curved shape are also features of them.

Know more about volcanoes - brainly.com/question/29639068

#SPJ1

wilderness in the u.s. covers an estimated __________ hectares.

Answers

The wilderness in the U.S. covers an estimated 109 million acres (44,110,735 hectares) hectares.

What is area?

The term area is referring as, an open surface or the boundary of a three-dimensional object, whereas the area of a plane location or plane area refers to the area of a form or planar plate.

As, there was total lower 48 states are there, and about 2.7 percent of the land are is considered as the wilderness. That the area is considered as the size of Minnesota.

Therefore, As a result, the overall estimated hectares are considered as, 109 million acres.

Learn more about the area here:

https://brainly.com/question/27683633

#SPJ1

Moss invades and establishes itself on bare rock, accumulating the beginnings of soil. After several years, enough soil has become established that grasses begin to grow where there was once bare rock. Without the moss building up soil, the grasses would have had no chance. The mosses changed the environment enough to permit grasses to grow in a process called: (a) sublimation. (b) facilitation. (c) regeneration. (d) improvisation.

Answers

The mosses changed the environment enough to permit grasses to grow in a process called: Facilitation. The correct answer is B.

On bare rock, moss invades and settles down, building up the first layers of soil. After a number of years, the soil has had time to develop to the point that grasses can now grow where bare rock formerly stood.

The grasses would not have survived if the moss hadn't helped the soil accumulate. The mosses underwent a process known as facilitation whereby they altered the environment just enough to allow grasses to flourish.

The moss species is referred to as the pioneer species and is regarded as the primary succession since it develops on the bare rock.

Learn more about moss at https://brainly.com/question/15866223

#SPJ4

Which word describes the seasons at the North and South Poles?
Cold
Temperate
Extreme
Mild

Answers

The word that best describes the seasons at the North and South Poles is option (c) "extreme".

The polar regions experience some of the most extreme climate conditions on Earth, with long periods of darkness and extreme cold temperatures. During the winter months, the polar regions experience 24 hours of darkness, while during the summer months, they experience 24 hours of daylight. The temperatures in the polar regions can drop as low as -90°C (-130°F), making it one of the coldest places on Earth. Due to the extreme conditions, very few plants and animals can survive in the polar regions. Overall, the polar regions experience some of the harshest and most extreme climate conditions on the planet.

Learn more about climate :

https://brainly.com/question/2184896

#SPJ4

The greater the mass of an object, the greater the gravitational pull on other
objects. (True or False)

Answers

True

Think of space and how we orbit around the sun

Answer:true

Explanation:

What is the name for the trace or remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary rock?a. Fossilb. Sedimentary Rockc. Amberd. Clam

Answers

The name for the trace or remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary rock is Fossil. So, option A is correct.

Animals, plants, and other ancient species that have been preserved as remains or traces are called fossils. When it comes to understanding the development and adaption of various species across time, fossils are an essential source of information about the history of life on Earth. They are often discovered in sedimentary rocks, which are formed as a result of the slow buildup of sediments like sand and mud over time. Bones, shells, prints, and tracks are just a few examples of fossils that can exist.

To know more about fossils

brainly.com/question/14988327

#SPJ4

which material, when dry, tends to form the greatest angle of repose?A. Dry sandB. rough, angular stones C. smooth, well-rounded stones D. saturated sand

Answers

Rough, angular stones  material, when dry, tends to form the greatest angle of repose. In this case Option B is correct

A granular material's angle of repose, also known as its critical angle of repose, is the steepest angle of descent or dip that the material can have with respect to the horizontal plane without collapsing.

The slope face's material is on the verge of sliding at this angle. The angle of repose can be anywhere between 0° and 90°. The angle of repose is influenced by the material's morphology; for example, rough, interlocking sands can be piled more steeply than smooth, rounded sand grains

. Solvent additions can also change the angle of repose. Electrostatic attraction of the water to mineral surfaces will increase the angle of repose if a small amount of water is able to bridge the gaps between particles, and

To know more about angle of repose. I  here

https://brainly.com/question/13050269

#SPJ4

the day with the smallest number of daylight hours over the course of the year for a person living in the northern hemisphere is the

Answers

The year's shortest day and longest night fall on the winter solstice. The Tropic of Capricorn, which lies 23.5° south of the equator and passes across Australia, Chile, southern Brazil, and northern South Africa, is where it happens in the Northern Hemisphere when the sun is directly overhead.

No matter what system of measurement we choose, the winter solstice, which occurs on or around December 21, when the Sun appears to move down its most southern route in our sky, is always the day with the shortest overall length of daylight. Typically, it occurs at precisely the same second on December 21 or 22 everywhere around the world. The winter solstice, also known as the shortest day of the year, is the day of the year with the least amount of daylight because less sunlight reaches Earth.

Learn more about Hemisphere here:

https://brainly.com/question/501939

#SPJ4

temperature, pressure, wind and moisture are measured through the depth of the troposphere by what instrument?

Answers

Temperature, pressure, wind and moisture are measured through the depth of the troposphere by Radiosondes.

Battery-operated arrays of telemetry sensors known as radiosondes are frequently transported through the atmosphere by weather balloons. At very high elevations, they measure wind, cosmic rays, pressure, temperature, relative humidity, and altitude.

A box of meteorological equipment known as a radiosonde, or Probe for short, will be launched at a great height from the base of a weather balloon. The goal is to gather measurements of the upper atmosphere's temperature, humidity, air pressure, and wind.

A radiosonde known as a Rawinsonde can measure wind direction and speed (radio and windsonde). A drop probe is a radio instrument that is released from an airplane.

To know about Radiosondes click here

brainly.com/question/16939965

#SPJ4

what factors are the most critical in determining whether a fossil is preserved?

Answers

The most important elements in figuring out whether a fossil is preserved are C. whether the creature had hard parts and how quickly it was buried.

The required details for fossil in given paragraph

A fossil is any preserved relic, imprint, or indication of a once-living organism from a previous geological era. Bones, shells, exoskeletons, animal or microbe imprints in stone, items preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, and DNA traces are a few examples. The fossil record refers to all fossils together. Studying fossils and learning about their age, formation process, and evolutionary relevance is called paleontology. Specimens that are more than 10,000 years old are typically regarded as fossils.

Between 3.48 billion and 4.1 billion years have passed since the earliest fossils were created.

To know about fossil click here

https://brainly.com/question/29638332

#SPJ4

Complete question

What factors are the most critical in determining whether a fossil is preserved?

A. the age of the fossil and the age of sediments in which it is preserved

B. the temperature of the granite and how fast it cooled

C. whether the creature had hard parts and how fast it was buried

D. the color of the original organism compared to the color of the sediments in which it is found

E. whether the creature was a predator or was prey

if a golf destination is part of your new year plans, we gathered the worldâs best courses for your consideration. which one is located on a luxury golf peninsula and boasts nine dramatic oceanside holes? 1. Pinehurst Resort 2. Sunray Resort 3. The Ritz Carlton Golf Resort 4. Pebble Beach Golf Links

Answers

The golf course located on a luxury golf peninsula and boasts nine dramatic oceanside holes is Pebble Beach Golf Links.

Pebble Beach Golf Links is one of the most famous and iconic golf courses in the world, located on the Monterey Peninsula on the beautiful central coast of California.

The course features breathtaking views of the Pacific Ocean and is known for its challenging and dramatic holes along the coast. With its storied history and world-class facilities, Pebble Beach has been the host of numerous major championships, including the U.S. Open, and is a must-play for any serious golfer.

In addition to the golf course, Pebble Beach also offers luxurious accommodations, dining, and other recreational activities, making it a truly complete golf destination.

You can read more about peninsulas at https://brainly.com/question/16212#:

#SPJ4

BACK

NEXT

Which of the following could define a physical region?
A
a language

B
a religion

C
a mountain range

D
political borders

Answers

C - A Mountain Range :)

for what reason did hagar feel she had power over sarah after ishmael was born

Answers

In the Old Testament book of Genesis, Hagar was an Egyptian slave belonging to Sarah, the wife of Abraham. Sarah was barren, and as she was unable to have children, she gave Hagar to Abraham so that he could have a child with her. After Hagar became pregnant with Abraham's son, Ishmael, she began to feel superior to Sarah, who was still barren.

Hagar believed that she had power over Sarah because she was able to bear children, while Sarah was not. This made Hagar feel more valuable and important in the eyes of Abraham, and she believed that her son would be Abraham's true heir. Hagar's growing arrogance and pride caused tension and conflict between her and Sarah, which ultimately led to Hagar and Ishmael being banished from Abraham's household.

It's worth noting that the power dynamic between Hagar and Sarah was complex, as Hagar was still a slave despite having a child with Abraham. Additionally, in the cultural context of the time, bearing children was seen as a woman's primary role and a source of great status and honor, so Hagar's ability to conceive a child likely played a significant role in her feeling powerful over Sarah.

What is the theory that the sun is the center?

Answers

Heliocentrism, a cosmological version wherein the Sun is thought to lie at or close to a primary point (e.g., of the sun gadget or of the universe) even as the Earth and different our bodies revolve round it.

Galileo knew approximately and had well-known Copernicus's heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory. It became Galileo's observations of Venus that proved the theory. Using his telescope, Galileo observed that Venus went thru phases, much like our Moon. The discoveries that Galileo made the use of his telescopes helped to show that Sun became the centre of the Solar System and now no longer the Earth. His observations strongly supported a Sun-targeted version referred to as the Heliocentric version, formerly recommended with the aid of using astronomers like Nicolaus Copernicus.

To learn more about heliocentrism check the link below:

https://brainly.com/question/24635160

#SPJ4

what the meaning of name sydney?

Answers

Wide meadow. Hope this helps!

which greco-egyptian author is our earliest source for dividing ancient egypt kings into dynasties?

Answers

Manetho, an Egyptian priest and historian of the third century BC, is our earliest source for dividing ancient Egyptian kings into dynasties.

Manetho was an important figure in Ancient Egypt; he was a priest and an historian from the third century BC, but also a contemporary of Ptolemy II Philadelphus.

He wrote a history of Egypt in three volumes, known as the Aegyptiaca, which was the first reliable source for the chronology of Ancient Egypt’s rulers. He divided the Ancient Egyptian kings into thirty-one dynasties and provided a brief overview of the reigns of each ruler.

Manetho's work was later used by other historians, including Josephus, who adapted it for his own works. Manetho is thus considered our earliest source for dividing Ancient Egyptian kings into dynasties, and his work is still used in modern scholarship.

Learn more about Ancient Egypt: https://brainly.com/question/20262049

#SPJ4

what happened to the peppered moth population by 1900?

Answers

Answer:

They became very rare and they are not extinct

Explanation:

where is park nicollet plymouth

Answers

Park Nicollet Plymouth is a medical center located in Plymouth, Minnesota.

Plymouth is a city located in Hennepin County, Minnesota, which is a suburb of Minneapolis. The medical center is a part of Park Nicollet Health Services, which is a nonprofit integrated health care system based in Minnesota.

Park Nicollet Plymouth offers a range of medical services to patients. The medical center provides primary care services, including family medicine, pediatrics, and internal medicine. It also offers specialty care services in various areas, including cardiology, dermatology, gastroenterology, neurology, oncology, and urology.

Additionally, the medical center has urgent care services, imaging services, laboratory services, and pharmacy services.

The medical center is staffed with qualified medical professionals who provide quality care to patients. The medical professionals at Park Nicollet Plymouth include physicians, nurses, and other medical staff who are dedicated to providing excellent care to patients.

The address of the medical center is 4155 County Road 101, Plymouth, MN 55446. The medical center is easily accessible and conveniently located for patients in Plymouth and the surrounding areas.

Learn more about "plymouth" here:

https://brainly.com/question/2700003

#SPJ11

The day with the smallest number of daylight hours over the course of the year for a person living in the northern hemisphere is thea. summer solstice (June 1)b. vernal equinox (March 21)c. winter solstice (Dec. 22)d. autumnal equinox (Sept. 23)e. The number of daylight hours is always the same.

Answers

The day with the smallest number of daylight hours over the course of the year for a person living in the northern hemisphere is the winter solstice (Dec. 22).

The winter solstice is the day with the shortest amount of daylight in the northern hemisphere and the longest in the southern hemisphere. This occurs because of the tilt of the Earth's axis and its orbit around the sun.

During the winter solstice, the North Pole is tilted farthest away from the sun, so the Northern Hemisphere experiences the least amount of daylight. On the other hand, the South Pole is tilted towards the sun, so the Southern Hemisphere experiences the most daylight.

This change in the length of daylight is what causes the seasons. The winter solstice marks the beginning of winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere.

You can read more about summer solstice at https://brainly.com/question/4172420

#SPJ4

Other Questions
What is the difference between discrete and continuous data? Can someone please help?? Thank you soo much 0.003/19.43 what is the answer how many milliliters of concentrated (18 M) sulfuric acid are required to prepare 750 ml of 3 M sulfuric acid Sometimes technology can sound geeky and so technical that executives might think that it doesn't require managerial or investor attention. However, many investing in the telecom sector suffered from a lack of insight into how a key technology was impacting their industry. Telecom firms failed to anticipate the impact of a technology known as ____________ which enabled existing fiber to carry more transmissions than ever before.A technology called dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM) enabled existing fiber to carry more transmissions than ever before. An explanation of social loafing that suggests that perceive the links between individuals' effort and their outcomes are weaker when they work together with others in a group is known as the What is the meaning of "coefficients"? all of the following statements are true regarding mutual funds that have adopted 12b-1 plans except The 14th Amendment declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws. (T/F) Together, teammates Pedro and Ricky got 2671 base hits last season. Pedro had 275 more hits than Ricky. How many hits did each player have? les rseaux sociaux sont-ils nfastes pour l'homme ? trois arguments pour oui et trois autres pour non . MERCI ! Who are the both sidesKennedy refers to in the middle of his speech? the two organelles involved with energy conversions in a plant cell are the What is the physical significance of the slope of a position vs time graph? help me on this and tell me if i got them right what is the axis of symmetry of this quadratic? -5x + 70x + 3 A SaaS provider such as Oracle or SAP manages service levels and availability . This is advantageous because _____. What is the Kotter 8 step change model? ting is making a circular garden with a radius of 6 feet.How far across is the garden at its widest point?What is the length of edging material to the nearest hundredth needed to enclose the garden?Use 3.14 In which device do astronomers take advantage of chromatic aberration?a. the prism b. the primary mirrors of reflecting telescopesc. the primary lenses of reflecting telescopesd. both b and c above e. all of the above