Explain homologous structures. Someone pls help

Answer:The epidermis

Explanation:The epidermis is the most superficial layer of the skin and provides the first barrier of protection from the invasion of substances into the body. The epidermis is subdivided into five layers or strata: stratum basale. stratum spinosum.

Deep-ocean sediments are often categorised according to their biogenic components if the biological ingredients make up more than 30% of the total volume.

No, the ooze does not collect everywhere on the ocean floor, therefore it is not always a reliable indicator of biological productivity.

The term "biogenic ooze" is also used for biogenic sediment. Any pelagic silt that contains skeletal material in amounts more than 30% must be known.

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The Hardy-Weinberg principle is founded on a number of assumptions, including a huge population and the absence of natural selection. No selection, no gene flow, no random mating, no new mutations, and so on.

The formula p²+2pq+q²=1 may be used to get the allelic frequency. The shift in the frequency of allel inside a population over time is referred to as genetic drift. As genetic drift to occur, this change in allel frequency must be random. Population size influences the amount of alleles present in a population. Small population numbers introduce unpredictable features such as genetic drift. Fixation of alleles or genotypes in a population is caused by genetic drift.

As a result, the Hardy-Weinberg principle of no genetic drift requires a high or infinite population size. In the absence of additional evolutionary forces, the Hardy-Weinberg principle, also characterized as the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, and rule in population genetics, maintains that allele & genotype frequencies in a population would stay constant from generation to generation.

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The NMDA receptor, the AMPA receptor, and the kainate receptor are three ionotropic glutamate ligand-gated ion channels.

NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate), AMPA (amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate), and kainic acid are the names of the agonists that cause these glutamate receptors to become active.

In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter. Both ligand-gated ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors, which are known as metabotropic receptors, are the two groups of receptors via which it functions.

The electrical charge of a message or signal causes neurotransmitter vesicles to leak into a fluid-filled gap that lies between nerve cells as the message passes along a nerve cell; in this example, glutamate.

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It is likely that the population of fish underwent a process of natural selection in order to adjust to the presence of the predatory birds.

The fish that were able to survive the predation pressure were those that were able to grow to lengths greater than 15 millimeters, as they were the ones that were able to evade being eaten. Over time, this selection pressure caused the average length of the fish population to increase, leading to the average length of the fish being 14 millimeters.

This process of natural selection is an important part of evolution, as it allows species to adapt to changing environments and survive in the face of changing conditions.

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The temporalis muscle runs superficially, from the temporal bone to the coronoid process of the mandible. The primary function of this muscle is to control the motions of the mandible at the temporomandibular joint, which in turn makes the process of mastication easier to perform.

The muscles of mastication are a group of muscles that include the temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles. These muscles work together to grind, chew, and swallow food. The masseter muscle is located in the area of the cheek, while the medial and lateral pterygoids are located in the infratemporal fossa. The temporalis muscle is located in the temporal fossa.

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without sufficient details, the genotype(s) of the parent(s) that transmitted the mutant allele(s) to their offspring

The genotype of the parent(s) who passed the mutant allele(s) to their kids cannot be ascertained without sufficient details about the particular pedigree in question.

Individuals with the mutant allele are afflicted in an autosomal dominant pedigree and can pass the mutant allele to their progeny. An autosomal dominant pedigree's pattern of transmission gives each affected person a 50% probability of passing on the mutant gene to each of their progeny.

However, the genotypes of the individuals in the pedigree, as well as any further details regarding the specific mutation and how it is inherited, would be required to identify the parent(s) who transmitted the mutant allele(s). Additionally, more than one person in a pedigree can possess the mutant allele in some circumstances, making it challenging to determine which parent transmitted the mutant allele based on the available data.

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Steroid hormones are the appropriate response. The generation of steroid hormone and the metabolism of fat are believed to be connected in cells with a dense network of SER.

Most eukaryotic cells have the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER), a membrane organelle. It is a portion of the endoplasmic reticulum's endomembrane system. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a vast network of membrane tubules, vesicles, and flattened cisternae (sac-like structures) present in every eukaryotic cell, particularly those in charge of producing hormones and other secretory products. Particularly, it is frequently noticeable in cells with a focus on lipid metabolism. cells that use cholesterol to create steroid hormones.

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Agriscience encompasses with a)wildlife and fish,b)ornamental plants and c)tree farms.So,correct option is d) which is all of the above.

Agricultural science (or agriscience for short[1]) is an expansive multidisciplinary area of science that envelops the pieces of precise, normal, monetary and sociologies that are utilized in the training and comprehension of horticulture. Experts of the horticultural science are called farming researchers or agriculturists.

In the eighteenth 100 years, Johann Friedrich Mayer directed probes the utilization of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate) as a fertilizer.[2]

In 1843, John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert started a bunch of long haul field tests at Rothamsted Exploration in Britain, some of which are as yet running as of 2018.In the US, a logical upset in horticulture started with the Seal Demonstration of 1887, which utilized the expression "rural science".[6][7] The Portal Act was driven by ranchers' advantage in knowing the constituents of early counterfeit manure. The Smith-Hughes Demonstration of 1917 moved agrarian schooling back to its professional roots, yet the logical establishment had been built.[8] After 1906, public consumptions on horticultural exploration in the US surpassed private consumptions for the following 44 years.

Hence,correct option is d.

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(Complete question) is:

agriscience encompasses group of answer choices  

a)wildlife and fish

b)ornamental plants and trees

c)farms and agribusiness

d)all of the above

Animals with similar structures most likely have a common ancestor. Homologous structures are body parts or organs that are present in various species .

Body parts or organs that are identical in structure and function yet are found in various species are known as homologous structures. The notion of evolution by natural selection is supported by the idea that these structures share a common evolutionary ancestor. For instance, although though the forelimbs of diverse mammal species—including humans, horses, and bats—have varied tasks, they all share a similar bone structure. This resemblance shows that these animals shared a common ancestor during their evolution and that the forelimbs have changed over time to accommodate the unique requirements of each species. Homologous structures can be utilised to recreate the evolutionary history of a collection of animals and offer proof for the ties between species that have developed over time.

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Answer:

Explanation:

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An egg cell with 23 chromosomes is considered diploid.

Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent, for a total of 2n chromosomes. In the case of humans, each cell in the body contains 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs, which are present in diploid cells.

Haploid cells, on the other hand, contain only one set of chromosomes, or n chromosomes, and are typically found in reproductive cells such as sperm and eggs. Haploid cells are important because they ensure that each offspring receives a unique combination of genetic material from its parents.

So in the case of an egg cell with 23 chromosomes, it is considered diploid because it contains two sets of chromosomes, or 2n, rather than just one set of chromosomes, or n.

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Answer: Heats up slowly and cools down quickly

Explanation: Think of a pot of boiling water it takes a little bit for it to heat up but it cools down fairly quickly or may or maybe a tub of hot water you can start it off with hot water but after sitting in it for a little bit it cools down. Answer is B

The structures highlighted in blue in the image are the layers of the skin called dermis and epidermis. Dermis layer lies beneath the epidermis, which is the superficial layer.

Our skin is composed of 2 layers: epidermis and dermis. Epidermis is the most superficial layer that is made up of closely packed epithelial cells. The epidermis is composed of stratified and keratinized squamous epithelium called keratinocytes, which are the cells that manufactures and store a protein called keratin. It has four or five layers of epithelial cells depending on where in the body it is. It has no internal blood vessels (i.e., it is avascular). The term "thin skin" refers to skin having four cell layers. These layers are the stratum Basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum, and they are arranged from deep to surface.

As opposed to the epidermis and hypodermis, the dermis could be regarded as the "core" of the integumentary system. It has nerves, blood and lymph vessels, as well as other parts including hair follicles and sweat glands. The two connective tissue layers that make up the dermis are joined by a network of elastin and collagen fibers that are created by fibroblasts.

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Answer:

B and D should be correct.

Explanation:

A is incorrect because food and proteins can help build fuel for you body, which is the same as vitamins.

B is correct because vitamins are organic compounds found in very small amounts in food and required for normal functioning—indeed, for survival. Humans are able to synthesize certain vitamins to some extent. For example, vitamin D is produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight; niacin can be synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan; and vitamin K and biotin are synthesized by bacteria living in the gut.

C is incorrect because while vitamins are good for your body, food is also great and something you need to live. Getting nutrients and proteins from food is essential and a need in life.

D is correct because some vitamins from B-complex, hypervitaminosis usually occurs with the fat-soluble vitamins A and D, which are stored, respectively, in the liver and fatty tissues of the body. These vitamins build up and remain for a longer time in the body than water-soluble vitamins. Taking too many vitamins without food or water isn't healthy, and is not giving your body is proper nutrition levels!!

I hope this helps! :)

Many bacterial cell shapes have virulence-enhancing effects. A trait of an organism that makes it more likely to spread illness is called virulence. Identify the cellular structure or structures that could operate as virulence factors. .

Since it enables bacterial cells to evade lung phagocytes, the capsule is the pathogen's most crucial determinant of virulence.

Certain bacterial infections develop extra virulence factors, such as fimbriae to prevent phagocytosis or mycolic acid to resist some of the killing processes within the  phagolysosome, in addition to capsules   Public health is gravely concerned about the growth of bacterial illnesses that are resistant to antibiotics .

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The greatest test that early land plants needed to confront ca. quite a while back was getting by in dry, non-lowered conditions. Green growth extricates supplements and light from the water that encompasses them. The correct answer is (D) I, II, and III only.

There are four significant difficulties to plants living ashore: acquiring assets, remaining upstanding, keeping up with dampness, and replicating. Getting Assets From Two Spots Without a moment's delay Green growth and other sea-going organic entities procure the assets they need from the encompassing water.

Plants are remembered to have developed from an amphibian green alga protist. Afterward, they developed significant transformations for land, including vascular tissues, seeds, and blossoms. Every one of these significant transformations improved plants appropriate for life on dry land. The most established fossils of land plants date back around 470 million years.

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An organ is defined as any anatomical structure with discernible structural boundaries, at least two distinct tissue types, and a distinct function distinct from the structures around it.

Simply put, tissues are groups of cells that have a similar shape and function. They form a cellular organisational level between cells and organ systems.

The four basic types of tissue are connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Connective tissue holds other tissues together and supports them (bone, blood, and lymph tissues). Epithelial tissue serves as a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body). The Old French word tissu, which means "a ribbon, belt, or piece of woven material," is where the noun tissue originates. As a verb, "weave fabric strands" is what tissue means. Tissues are now thought of as disposable paper used for wrapping gifts or blowing our noses.

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Prokaryotic cells lack the phospholipid bilayer, microtubules, and Golgi apparatus, which are specific to eukaryotic cells.

Both unicellular organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells, which are characterized as having organelles that are membrane-bound. Contrarily, prokaryotic cells are exclusively found in unicellular organisms and are devoid of any membrane-bound organelles.

Both prokaryotes contain the cytoplasm, which serves to house the cellular organelles and provide an ideal environment for them. Protein synthesis or energy production are two complex metabolic processes that are carried out by cytoplasmic organelles.

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The number of individuals with each genotype depends on the frequency of the alleles in the population, and the way in which they are passed from one generation to the next.

For example, if the frequency of the brown-eyed allele (B) is 0.8 and the frequency of the blue-eyed allele (b) is 0.2, the number of individuals with each genotype can be calculated using the rules of Mendelian inheritance.

The frequency of heterozygotes (Bb) would be 0.64, and the frequency of homozygotes for the brown-eyed allele (BB) would be 0.64. The frequency of homozygotes for the blue-eyed allele (bb) would be 0.04.

Additionally, the distribution of genotypes in a population is not always predictable based on allele frequencies, as other factors such as mutation, migration, and selection can also influence the distribution of alleles in a population.

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In jellyfish fluid-filled compartments compression and thus supports the body structure from deforming hence it is consider as their skeleton.

The informal popular names for the medusa-phase of several gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, a significant division of the phylum Cnidaria, are jellyfish and sea jellies. Although some jellyfish are tethered to the seafloor by stalks rather than being mobile, jellyfish are typically free-swimming marine creatures with umbrella-shaped bells and trailing tentacles. To create propulsion for extremely effective movement, the bell can pulse. The stinging cells on the tentacles can be employed to catch prey and fight off predators. Jellyfish have a complicated life cycle; the medusa stage, which typically results in planula larvae that spread widely and undergo a sedentary polyp phase before reaching sexual maturity, is the sexual phase. The umbrella-shaped bell is a real jellyfish's distinguishing characteristic. The hydrostatic skeleton of the animal is housed in this hollow structure, which is made of a mass of transparent, jelly-like material called mesoglea.

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Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream. They circulate for about 120 days before being removed from the circulation by the spleen and liver and broken down into their component parts.

Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues. They contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen, and they transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. In addition to oxygen transport, red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide and other substances to the cells in the body.

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Endosteum is the bone structure that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone.

The medullary cavity is lined by a thin membrane called the endosteum (endo- = within). It has a thin layer of connective tissue and one layer of bone-forming cells. A long bone is one whose length exceeds its width. A long bone has two ends and a shaft. Long bones feature an inner medullary cavity containing bone marrow and a thick outer covering of solid bone.

Adults have a hollow, cylindrical region within the diaphysis called the medullary cavity, also known as the marrow cavity, which houses a large number of blood vessels and fatty yellow bone marrow. By removing dense bony tissue from the area of the bone that is least needed, this hollow reduces the weight of the bone. The tubular structure of the long bones offers greatest strength with minimal weight.

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Answer:

(1) Tobacco mosaic virus, (2) Tomato spotted wilt virus, (3) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, (4) Cucumber mosaic virus, (5) Potato virus Y, (6) Cauliflower mosaic virus, (7) African cassava mosaic virus, (8) Plum pox virus, (9) Brome mosaic virus

The ionization of amino acid atoms and molecules as a result of a pH change can alter the shape and structure of proteins and impair their ability to perform their intended functions.

An incredibly complex, naturally occurring molecule known as a protein is made up of amino acid residues connected by peptide bonds.

Because unbound protons or hydroxide ions change the protein's protonation state, the pH has an impact on a metalloprotein's redox potential.

Free protons can combine with basic nitrogen sites to increase the protein's positive charge (or lowering negative charge).

A pH change can cause amino acid atoms and molecules to ionise, changing the shape and structure of proteins and preventing them from carrying out their intended tasks.

Thus, this can be the result the pH of the solution containing protein is changed from a neutral pH of 7 to an acidic pH 3.

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All of the mentioned substances leave the blood by diffusing directly through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells.

Substances that are able to leave the blood directly through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells include:

O2 (oxygen), Dioxyde of carbon (CO2), gases that dissolve in water, like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO), Alcohol, and anesthetic gas are examples of small, non-polar molecules, molecules that dissolve in fat, like steroids and fatty acids.

Keep in mind that the molecule's size, charge, and lipid solubility all have an impact on the plasma membrane's permeability to these substances.

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(Complete question)

Oxygen (O2).

Carbon dioxide (CO2).

Water-soluble gases, such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

Small, non-polar molecules such as alcohol and anesthetic gases.

Fat-soluble molecules such as fatty acids and steroids.

All of the above.

The sliding clamp is the answer choice that increases the fidelity of DNA replication.

The sliding clamp is a ring-shaped protein that encircles the DNA double helix and acts as a scaffold for the DNA polymerase enzyme during replication. By physically holding the DNA polymerase in place and preventing it from sliding off the template strand, the sliding clamp helps increase the processivity and accuracy of DNA replication.

The other answer choices listed (3' to 5' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I, removal of the RNA flap by a flap endonuclease, and a topoisomerase relieving supercoiling tension ahead of the replication fork) all play important roles in DNA replication, but they do not directly increase the fidelity of the process. The 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I helps remove misincorporated nucleotides, while the removal of the RNA flap by a flap endonuclease is important for maintaining the integrity of the replication fork. A topoisomerase helps relieve supercoiling tension that can impede DNA replication.

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