Ethanol (C2H5OH) boils at a temperature of 78.3 degrees C. What amount of energy, in joules, is necessary to heat to boiling and then completely vaporize a 13.1 g sample of ethanol initially at a temperature of 11.1 degrees C? The specific heat of ethanol is approximately constant at 2.44 JK−1g−1. The heat of vaporization of ethanol is 38.56 kJ mol−1.

The primary distinction between these two negotiation strategies is that distributive negotiation does not take into consideration the demands of the other party when negotiating a settlement.

In a competitive negotiation style known as distributive bargaining, one party only gains when the other party loses.

Positional negotiating involves both sides criticising one other's proposals in an effort to convince the other that theirs is the best. By engaging in interest-based negotiation, both (or all) sides approach the problem and search for a solution that best advances their individual interests.

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Answer:

Meant to be used in both the teaching and research laboratory, this calculator (see below) can be utilized to perform a number of different calculations for preparing percent (%) solutions when starting with the solid or liquid material. It is very common to express the concentration of solutions in terms of percentages. Percent means per 100 parts, where for solutions, part refers to a measure of mass (μg, mg, g, kg, etc.) or volume (μL, mL, L, etc.). In percent solutions, the amount (weight or volume) of a solute is expressed as a percentage of the total solution weight or volume. Percent solutions can take the form of weight/volume % (wt/vol % or w/v %), weight/weight % (wt/wt % or w/w %), or volume/volume % (vol/vol % or v/v %). In each case, the percentage concentration is calculated as the fraction of the weight or volume of the solute related to the total weight or volume of the solution.

Because percent solutions can be expressed in three different ways, it is imperative that the type of percent solution be explicitly stated. If this information is not provided, the end user is left to "guess" whether w/v %, w/w %, or v/v % was used. Each percent solution is appropriate for a number of different applications. For example, commercial aqueous reagents, such as concentrated acids and bases, are typically expressed as weight/weight % solutions. For example, commercially available concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) is 37% by weight (w/w %). On the other hand, many dilute solutions used for biological research are expressed as weight/volume % (e.g., 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). Volume/volume % solutes are also common, and are used when pure solutes in liquid form are used. For example, a 70 % (v/v) solution of ethanol can be prepared by dissolving 70 mL of 100% (i.e., 200 proof) ethanol in a total solution volume of 100 mL.

Explanation:

Answer: the answer is Mg

Explanation: Trust me

Substance       intermolecular force

CH2OH   --->   Hydrogen bonding

CH3F       -->    Dipole-dipole forces

C3H8       -->    Dispersion forces

CaCL2      -->   Ionic bonding

The intermolecular force present in CH2OH is hydrogen bonding. The intermolecular force present in CH3F is  Dipole-dipole forces. Ionic bonding is defined as a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities. It is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. Hydrogen bonding results from the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom.

Dipole-dipole forces are defined as a attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule.  Dispersion force is defined as a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles.

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The complete question is,

Match each substance correctly to the principal type(s) of intermolecular force(s) present, other than covalent bonding.

CH2OH          Ionic bonding

CH3F              Hydrogen bonding

C3H8              Dispersion forces

CaCL2            Dipole-dipole forces

The sublimation of solid carbon(IV) oxide is best classified as a physical change because only dispersion forces between CO₂ molecules are disrupted. That is option A.

Sublimation is defined as the conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without its becoming liquid.

A Physical change can be defined as the change in form of matter without change in its chemical identity.

The solid carbon dioxide is the same carbon dioxide is still present, it just undergoes a phase change to become a colorless gas.

Therefore, the best statement that can be used to classify the sublimation of carbon dioxide is that it's a physical change.

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The functional group in alcohol is a hydroxyl group (-OH), in phenol, it is a hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring, and in ether, it is an oxygen atom (-O-) between two alkyl or aryl groups.

Given that the question asks to identify each of the following compounds as an alcohol, a phenol, or an ether. The question seems to be incomplete as there are no options or compounds mentioned. However, given below is a general explanation of the three compounds -Alcohol: Alcohol is a compound that contains a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) that is attached to a carbon atom. The hydroxyl group in alcohol makes it polar and thus, able to form hydrogen bonds. Alcohol is used as a solvent, fuel, and disinfectant. Phenol: Phenol is an aromatic compound that contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a benzene ring. It is used in the production of detergents, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. Phenol is used as a disinfectant and anesthetic. Ether: Ether is an organic compound that contains an oxygen atom between two alkyl or aryl groups. It is a colorless, volatile, and highly flammable liquid that is used as a solvent and as a starting material in the synthesis of organic compounds. To identify a compound as an alcohol, phenol, or ether, we need to examine the functional groups in the molecule.

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The atom with the larger first ionization energy is Titanium. Option a.

The atom with the larger first ionization energy is Tin. Option b.

Ionization is the process of removing one or more electrons from an atom or molecule, resulting in the formation of an ion. This can be achieved through a variety of methods, such as exposure to high-energy radiation or contact with other charged particles.

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom or molecule, resulting in the formation of a positively charged ion. This energy is typically measured in electron volts (eV) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol), and varies depending on the identity of the atom or molecule and the electronic configuration of its valence shell. Ionization energy is an important property of atoms and molecules, as it can provide insight into their reactivity and chemical behavior.

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Compound X is a tertiary alkyl chloride, C9H19Cl. When treated with KOH in ethanol, it will produce an alcohol, C9H20O, as the only product.

The chemical substance having the formula CH2=CHCH2Cl is known as allyl chloride. This colourless liquid is soluble in typical organic solvents but insoluble in water. It is mostly transformed into epichlorohydrin, which is used to make plastics. It's a propylene derivative that has been chlorinated. It is a valuable and dangerous substance to handle because it is an alkylating agent.

Tertiary haloalkane (3o haloalkane; tertiary haloalkyl halide): a haloalkane (alkyl halide) in which a tertiary carbon is joined to a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I). Tertiary alkyl halides like 2-chloro-2-methylpropane are characteristic of this class.

It can be synthesized through the reaction of an alkene with SOCl2 in the presence of a Lewis acid.

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The complete question is:

Compound X has the molecular formula C9H19Cl, and when treated with KOH in ethanol, 3 total products are obtained. Which of the following is compound X?

A few statements may be true regarding a biochemical oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction. The statements are as follows: A redox reaction occurs when there is a transfer of electrons between molecules or atoms.

The electron donor becomes oxidized, and the electron acceptor is reduced, causing a transfer of energy. A redox reaction produces ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. Oxidation and reduction are complementary reactions that occur simultaneously in the same reaction, resulting in the release of energy. Redox reactions are vital in metabolic pathways, and the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD+ are essential in these reactions. Oxygen is frequently used as a final electron acceptor in redox reactions. Redox reactions can also occur in non-cellular environments, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and combustion. The significance of redox reactions is enormous, and they play an essential role in sustaining life on earth. They help in generating energy, breaking down complex molecules, synthesizing molecules, and many other cellular processes.

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Al3+ is reduced to elemental aluminum at the cathode, whereas magnesium metal is oxidized to Mg2+ at the anode. The balanced overall reaction of the cell is:3Mg + ||2Al3+ → 3Mg2+ + ||2Al

The half-cell reactions that take place at the cathode and anode of a galvanic cell in which Al3+ is reduced to elemental aluminum and magnesium metal is oxidized to Mg2+ are as follows:

Half-cell reaction at the cathode: 2Al3+ + 6e- → 2Al

Half-cell reaction at the anode: 3Mg → 3Mg2+ + 6e-

Galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell that drives spontaneous redox reactions to produce electrical energy. The given galvanic cell has the following half-cell reactions:half-cell reaction at the cathode: ||2A13+ + 6e- → 2AI half-cell reaction at the anode: 3Mg → 3Mg2+ + 6e-Thus, Al3+ is reduced to elemental aluminum at the cathode, whereas magnesium metal is oxidized to Mg2+ at the anode. The balanced overall reaction of the cell is:3Mg + ||2Al3+ → 3Mg2+ + ||2Al

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Answer: It is not necessarily advantageous for a predator to prey exclusively on a single prey species, as this can limit their options and make them vulnerable if the population of that prey species declines or becomes extinct. Predators that are more flexible and able to switch between different prey species may be better equipped to survive and thrive in changing environments.

However, there are some advantages to specializing in a single prey species. For example, a predator that is well adapted to hunting a particular prey species may be more efficient and successful at capturing and consuming that prey, which could provide a reliable source of energy. Additionally, if the predator and prey have co-evolved, the predator may have adaptations that specifically allow it to exploit the weaknesses or vulnerabilities of its prey, giving it an advantage over predators that are less specialized.

To prepare 50.00 mL of a 0.100 M buffer that is 0.0500 M in NaH2PO4 and has a pH of 7.20, 0.345 g of NaH2PO4•H2O and 3.15 g of Na2HPO4 are required.

        [A^-]/[HA] = 10^(pH - pKa) = 10^(7.20 - 7.21) = 0.891

        [HA] = 0.0500 M

        [A^-] = [HA] x [A^-]/[HA] = 0.0500 M x 0.891 = 0.0445 M

        moles of NaH2PO4 = 0.0500 M x 50.00 mL / 1000 mL = 0.00250                      mol

        moles of Na2HPO4 = 0.0445 M x 50.00 mL / 1000 mL = 0.00223 mol

        mass of NaH2PO4•H2O = 0.00250 mol x 138.0 g/mol = 0.345 g

        mass of Na2HPO4 = 0.00223 mol x 141.96 g/mol = 3.15 g

What is pH?

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] in moles per liter (M), pH = -log[H+].

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The volume of the 0.10 molL⁻¹ NaCl solution which contains 0.1 mole of sodium chloride, NaCl is 1 L

Molarity of a solution is defined by the following formula:

Molarity = mole / volume

Cross multiply

Molarity × volume = Mole

Divide both sides by molarity

Volume = mole / molarity

With the above formula, we can obtain the volume of the solution. Details below:

Volume = mole / molarity

Volume of solution = 0.1 / 0.1

Volume of solution = 1 L

Thus, we can conclude that the volume of the solution is 1 L

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Complete question:

0.10 molL⁻¹ NaCl solution contains 1.0 mole of NaCl​. What is the volume of the solution?

1) The shape of an s-orbital is a sphere.

2) There is only one 1s orbital in an atom since the principal quantum number, n, is equal to one.

1) The following is the shape of orbitals:

s --> sphere

2) There is only one 1s orbital in an atom since the principal quantum number, n, is equal to one.

For a 4p orbital, the principal quantum number is 4, the azimuthal quantum number is 1, and there are three possible magnetic quantum numbers (-1, 0, 1), resulting in three separate 4p orbitals.

It is impossible for an atom to contain 48 orbitals because it would necessitate a principal quantum number of 7, which is not feasible. Finally, there is no definitive response to the number of orbitals in an atom with 200 electrons since it would rely on various quantum numbers that cannot be inferred from this information alone.

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Answer: Manganese

Explanation:

With titanium, it only has two d electrons, so it can't form different high and low spin complexes. It doesn't matter because it will never fill the higher-energy orbitals. The total spin state turns out to be +1 (two unpaired d electrons, no matter what). Therefore, manganese will form both a high and low spin complex.

According to the question Synthesis and Decomposition reaction types are reversible.

Reversible items are those that can be returned to their original state after being altered or changed in some way. Examples of reversible items include clothing items with zippers or buttons, items that can be folded or unfolded, items with removable parts, and items that can be reconfigured. Reversible items can be used multiple times, which helps reduce waste and save money. Additionally, reversible items can be used in a variety of different ways, giving them more versatility than non-reversible items. Reversible items can also be reconfigured to fit different needs and situations. For example, a reversible shirt can be worn with the buttons on the front or the back, giving it a different look each time it is worn. Reversible items are a great way to be more eco-friendly and get the most out of your wardrobe.

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The reversible reaction types include Synthesis and Decomposition.

The chemical processes known as reversible reactions are those that can go both forward and backward.

These processes are also referred to as bidirectional processes. Typically, a reversible reaction is represented as A⇌B

A is the reactant and B is the product in this instance.

Reactant: A chemical reaction begins with reactants or starting ingredients. Chemical bonds between reactants are broken and new ones are made to create products during this chemical transformation. A is the reactant in this scenario, while B is the outcome.

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Answer:

Calcium fluoride (CaF2): 11.06 g

Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O): 2.08 g

Hydrogen fluoride (HF): 5.68 g

Water vapor (H2O): 8.52 g

Explanation:

We can start by writing the balanced chemical equation for the reaction:

3 Ca(NO3)2 + 10 NH4F → 6 HF + 3 CaF2 + N2O + 10 H2O

This equation tells us that 3 moles of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) react with 10 moles of ammonium fluoride (NH4F) to produce 3 moles of calcium fluoride (CaF2), 1 mole of dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), 6 moles of hydrogen fluoride (HF), and 10 moles of water (H2O).

We can use the molar masses of each substance to convert the given masses into moles, and then use the mole ratios from the balanced equation to determine the moles of each product formed. Finally, we can convert the moles of each product back into masses using their respective molar masses.

Molar masses:

Ca(NO3)2 = 164.1 g/mol

NH4F = 37.04 g/mol

CaF2 = 78.08 g/mol

N2O = 44.01 g/mol

HF = 20.01 g/mol

H2O = 18.02 g/molMasses given:

m(Ca(NO3)2) = 16.8 g

m(NH4F) = 17.50 g

Converting masses to moles:

n(Ca(NO3)2) = m(Ca(NO3)2) / M(Ca(NO3)2) = 16.8 g / 164.1 g/mol = 0.1022 mol

n(NH4F) = m(NH4F) / M(NH4F) = 17.50 g / 37.04 g/mol = 0.4729 mol

Using the mole ratios from the balanced equation, we can determine the number of moles of each product formed:

n(CaF2) = 3/10 * n(NH4F) = 0.1419 mol

n(N2O) = 1/10 * n(NH4F) = 0.0473 mol

n(HF) = 6/10 * n(NH4F) = 0.2837 mol

n(H2O) = 10/10 * n(NH4F) = 0.4729 mol

Finally, we can convert the moles of each product back into masses:

m(CaF2) = n(CaF2) * M(CaF2) = 0.1419 mol * 78.08 g/mol = 11.06 g

m(N2O) = n(N2O) * M(N2O) = 0.0473 mol * 44.01 g/mol = 2.08 g

m(HF) = n(HF) * M(HF) = 0.2837 mol * 20.01 g/mol = 5.68 g

m(H2O) = n(H2O) * M(H2O) = 0.4729 mol * 18.02 g/mol = 8.52 g

Therefore, the mass of each substance present after the reaction is:

Calcium fluoride (CaF2): 11.06 g

Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O): 2.08 g

Hydrogen fluoride (HF): 5.68 g

Water vapor (H2O): 8.52 g

Answer: NaAlF6

Explanation:

1) divide by the smallest number of moles

0.953/.322 =2.96 round to 3 Na

.322/.322 = 1 Al

1.93/.322 =5.99 round to 6 F

2) write in order numbers were give

NaAlF6

To ensure successful column chromatography, you should take care to avoid introducing too much solvent, adding too much sample, not allowing enough time, not adjusting the pH of the eluent, using a column that is too long, not allowing the column to equilibrate, and using a packing material that is too coarse.

The following should be avoided during a column chromatography experiment:
1. Introducing too much solvent at once - this can cause flooding and may affect the separation.
2. Adding too much sample to the column - this can lead to inefficient separation.
3. Not allowing enough time for the chromatography to run - this can lead to incomplete separation.
4. Failing to adjust the pH of the eluent to match the sample - this can lead to poor resolution.
5. Using a column that is too long - this can lead to band broadening and poor separation.
6. Not allowing the column to equilibrate before running the sample - this can lead to poor resolution.
7. Using a column with a packing material that is too coarse - this can lead to inefficient separation.
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The conjugate base of a neutral acid that donates a proton will have a charge of -1.

When a neutral acid donates a proton, it is undergoing a process called deprotonation, meaning it has lost a proton from its molecular structure. In this reaction, the neutral acid becomes an anion (negatively charged ion) and the proton is picked up by the base, which is then referred to as the conjugate base of the acid. The conjugate base will have a charge of -1 because it now has one extra electron relative to the original neutral acid.
To illustrate this reaction, consider acetic acid (CH3COOH) donating a proton to a base. When the acid donates a proton, it becomes an anion, CH3COO-, and the base, which has gained a proton, is the conjugate base and has a charge of -1.
In summary, when a neutral acid donates a proton, the conjugate base will have a charge of -1.

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the final temperature of the system is 7.3°C.

21.16 mL of 0.250 M HNO3 is required to titrate (neutralize) a solution containing 0.297 g of KOH.

To solve this problem, we need to use the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between HNO3 and KOH, which is:

HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O

From the equation, we can see that one mole of HNO3 reacts with one mole of KOH.

First, we need to determine the number of moles of KOH in 0.297 g of KOH:

mass of KOH = 0.297 g

molar mass of KOH = 56.11 g/mol

number of moles of KOH = mass/molar mass = 0.297 g/56.11 g/mol = 0.00529 mol

Since one mole of HNO3 reacts with one mole of KOH, we need 0.00529 moles of HNO3 to neutralize the KOH.

Now, we can use the molarity and the number of moles of HNO3 to calculate the required volume of HNO3:

Molarity of HNO3 = 0.250 M

Number of moles of HNO3 = 0.00529 mol

Volume of HNO3 = Number of moles of HNO3/Molarity of HNO3

Volume of HNO3 = 0.00529 mol/0.250 mol/L

The volume of HNO3 = 0.02116 L or 21.16 mL

Therefore, 21.16 mL of 0.250 M HNO3 is required to titrate (neutralize) a solution containing 0.297 g of KOH.

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The partial pressure (in mmHg) if the partial pressure of CO2 is 795 mmHg is given as 1763 mmHg.

To find the partial pressure of NO2, we can use the formula:

total pressure = partial pressure of NO2 + partial pressure of CO2

We know that the total pressure is 2558 mmHg, and the partial pressure of CO2 is 795 mmHg. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

2558 mmHg = partial pressure of NO2 + 795 mmHg

To solve for the partial pressure of NO2, we can subtract 795 mmHg from both sides:

2558 mmHg - 795 mmHg = partial pressure of NO2

This gives us:

1763 mmHg = partial pressure of NO2

Therefore, the partial pressure of NO2 is 1763 mmHg.

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The dissociation equation for lithium hydroxide (LiOH), a strong base, is: LiOH (s) → Li+ (aq) + OH- (aq) A dissociation equation is an equation that represents the dissociation of a compound into its ions when dissolved in a solvent.

In this case, LiOH dissociates in water to form Li+ and OH- ions. LiOH is a strong base because it dissociates almost completely in water, producing a high concentration of OH- ions. The dissociation of a strong base is represented by a one-way arrow in the equation, indicating that it proceeds almost completely in one direction.A two-way arrow, <--> , is used in equilibrium reactions, where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate. This is not the case for the dissociation of strong bases like LiOH, where the reaction proceeds almost completely in one direction.

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approximately 210.92°C to occupy a volume of 650 mL at 1.00 atm pressure.

At the same pressure of 1.00 atmosphere, the gas would occupy 650 mL at a temperature of approximately 212.33 degrees Celsius.

To solve this problem, we use combined gas law equation:

(P₁ × V₁) / T₁ = (P₂ × V₂) / T₂

Where:

P₁ = Initial pressure

V₁ = Initial volume

T = Initial temperature

P₂ = Final pressure (same as initial pressure)

V₂ = Final volume

T₂ = Final temperature

Given:

P₁ = P₂ = 1.00 atm (pressure remains constant)

V₁ = 460 mL

T₁ = 70.0 degrees Celsius (converted to Kelvin)

V₂ = 650 mL

First, let's convert the initial temperature to Kelvin:

T₁(K) = T₁(°C) + 273.15

T₁(K) = 70.0 + 273.15

T₁(K) = 343.15 K

Now we plug in the values into the combined gas law equation and solve for T₂

(1.00 × 460) / 343.15 = (1.00 × 650) / T₂

Simplifying the equation:

460 / 343.15 = 650 / T₂

Cross-multiplying and solving for T₂

460 × T₂ = 650 × 343.15

T₂ = (650 × 343.15) / 460

Calculating T₂

T₂ = 485.48 K

Now, let's convert the final temperature from Kelvin back to degrees Celsius:

T₂(°C) = T₂(K) - 273.15

T₂(°C) = 485.48 - 273.15

T₂(°C) = 212.33°C

Therefore, at the same pressure of 1.00 atmosphere, the gas occupied 650 mL at a temperature of approximately 212.33 degrees Celsius.

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Answer:

Some metalloids are liquids at room temperature.

They are all solid at room temperature.

Explanation:

You're welcome.

In any organic redox reaction, the reduced and oxidized molecules can be identified by the difference in charge between the products and the reactants. Reduction results in an increase in charge, while oxidation causes a decrease in charge.

Redox is a sort of chemical process in which the oxidation states of the substrate change . When electrons are lost or the oxidation state increases, it is called oxidation; when they are gained or the oxidation state decreases, it is called reduction.

Redox reactions fall into one of two categories:

Only one electron (typically) moves from the reducing agent to the oxidant during an electron transfer. It is common to talk about this kind of redox reaction in terms of redox couples and electrode potentials.

A transfer of an atom occurs when one substrate gives way to another. For instance, as iron rusts, the oxidation state of the iron atoms increases as the iron transforms into an oxide, while the oxidation state of oxygen falls as it absorbs oxygen. Other chemical species can perform the same function, despite the fact that oxidation reactions are frequently linked to the production of oxides. Hydrogen atoms are transferred during the hydrogenation process to diminish C=C (and other) bonds.

For example, if a reaction produces a molecule with a +1 charge and a reactant with a -1 charge, the product has been reduced and the reactant has been oxidized.

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Based on the mass spectrum of a pure element represented above, the average atomic mass of the element is closest to  186.3 amu .

A mass spectrum is simply a plot of the [tex]\frac{m}{z}[/tex] ratios of the ions present in a sample versus their intensities. Each peak in a mass spectrum represents a unique [tex]\frac{m}{z}[/tex] component in the sample, and the heights of the peaks indicate the relative abundance of the various components in the sample.

explanation ,

The relative abundance of isotopes with atomic number masses 90 and 92 would have a weightage average less than 91. With the influence of the mass and abundance of the isotope with atomic number 94, the weightage average would be closer to 91.

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Complete question

Based on the mass spectrum of a pure element represented above, the average atomic mass of the element is closest to which of the following? (65% abundance of 187; 37% abundance of 185)

a) 185.7 amu

b) 186.0 amu

c) 186.3 amu

d) 186.9 amu

If the chemical potential energy of bond A is greater than the chemical potential energy of bond B, then this means that atoms in bond A are held more tightly together than the atoms in bond B. So option c. is correct.

Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of matter. These reactions involve breaking chemical bonds between molecules and reforming them into new configurations. Excess energy is released and released as heat or work.

Dynamite is a good example of chemical potential energy. The main component of dynamite is nitroglycerin, a highly unstable substance. Mixing it with diatomaceous earth increases its stability and makes it less likely to explode when subjected to physical impact. When ignited, nitroglycerin explodes rapidly, releasing large amounts of nitrogen and other gases along with enormous amounts of heat.  

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The complete question is as follows:

The chemical potential energy of bond A is greater than the chemical potential energy of bond B. Which statement best explains this observation?(1 point)

a-The atoms in bond A are larger than the atoms in bond B.

b-The atoms in bond A have fewer bonds between them than the atoms in bond B.

c-The atoms in bond A are held more tightly together than the atoms in bond B.

d-The atoms in bond A are farther apart than the atoms in bond B.