do experimental measurements give the true value of a physical quantity? explain.

A million seconds by conversion laws equal to approximately 11 days, 13 hours, 46 minutes and 40 seconds.

What are some facts related to million seconds?

A million seconds is a long time, equivalent to almost 11 and a half days.

To put it in context, here are a few historical events that happened in roughly the same time frame:

These examples illustrate the magnitude of a million seconds, which is a significant chunk of time in human history.

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So, the additional power required would be halved if the mass of the car was reduced to 700 kg.

To determine the additional power needed to achieve this acceleration, what is the equation used ?

P = m * a * v

Where P is power, m is mass, a is acceleration, and v is velocity.

First, we need to convert the speed from km/h to m/s:

110 km/h = 30.55 m/s

Next, we can find the acceleration by using the formula:

a = (vf - vi) / t

Where vf is the final velocity, vi is the initial velocity, and t is the time taken to achieve the acceleration.

a = (30.55 m/s - 70 km/h) / 5s = -13 m/s^2

For a 1400-kg car, the additional power required can be calculated as:

P = 1400 kg * -13 m/s^2 * 30.55 m/s = - 509,130 Watts

If the total mass of the car were 700 kg, the additional power required would be:

P = 700 kg * -13 m/s^2 * 30.55 m/s = - 254,565 Watts

So, the additional power required would be halved if the mass of the car was reduced to 700 kg.

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The Bayes' rule may be used to determine the likelihood of an occurrence, in this example, an impending rainstorm, given another event (the dog barking).

P(A | B) = (P(B | A) * P(A)) / P is one way to express it (B)

P(A | B) is the conditional probability of event A given event B, where P(A) is the prior probability of event A (approaching thunderstorm), P(B) is the prior probability of event B (dog barking), and

The Bayes' rule may be used to determine, we may say that:

P(A) = 0.2 (20% likelihood of impending thunderstorm)

P(B | A) = 0.6 (60 percent likelihood that the dog will bark given an impending thunderstorm)

P(B) is equal to P(B | A) * P(A) + P(B | A') * P(A') which is 0.6 * 0.2 + 0.4 * 0.8 = 0.52.

As a result, given that the dog is barking, the likelihood of an impending thunderstorm is P(A | B) = (0.6 * 0.2) / 0.52 = 0.385.

Therefore, if the dog is barking, there is a 38.5% likelihood that a thunderstorm is coming.

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The magnitude and direction of the acceleration when the car is at point B is  0.24 m/s^2  magnitude and  the angle is,145^0 counterclock wise from + x axis

For illustration, imagine you are in a car at a stoplight and you start to accelerate. Let's say you accelerate to a speed of 20 ms in 2 s. This indicates that you are accelerating at a rate of a=20ms2s=10ms2. Your speed therefore changed by 20 ms every two seconds, or 10 ms per second. In uniform circular motion, the acceleration is along the radius and in the direction of the center. Acceleration has magnitude and direction as a vector quantity. The object's speed, direction of motion, and the direction of acceleration all affect which way it accelerates. Generally speaking, an object will accelerate in the same direction as its motion if it is speeding up.

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The formula for gravitational force between two celestial bodies is:

F = G * m1 * m2 / r^2

where F is the force, G is the gravitational constant (6.67 x 10^-11 N * (m/kg)^2), m1 and m2 are the masses of the two bodies, and r is the distance between their centers.

We can rearrange this formula to solve for r:

r = sqrt(G * m1 * m2 / F)

assigning in the given values:

r = sqrt((6.67 x 10^-11 N * (m/kg)^2) * (5 x 10^12 kg) * (4 x 10^20 kg) / (3 x 10^7 N))

= sqrt(6.67 x 10^-11 N * (m/kg)^2 * 5 x 10^12 kg * 4 x 10^20 kg / 3 x 10^7 N)

= sqrt((4 x 10^20 kg) / (3 x 10^7 N / (6.67 x 10^-11 N * (m/kg)^2 * 5 x 10^12 kg)))

= sqrt((4 x 10^20 kg) / (6.67 x 10^-11 N * (m/kg)^2 * 5 x 10^12 kg / 3 x 10^7 N))

= sqrt((4 x 10^20 kg) / (6.67 x 10^-11 N * 5 x 10^12 kg / 3 x 10^7 N))

= sqrt((4 x 10^20 kg) / (6.67 x 10^-11 N * 5 x 10^12 kg / 3 x 10^7 N))

= sqrt((4 x 10^20 kg * 3 x 10^7 N) / (6.67 x 10^-11 N * 5 x 10^12 kg))

= sqrt((4 x 10^20 kg * 3 x 10^7 N) / (6.67 x 10^-11 N * 5 x 10^12 kg))

= sqrt(4 x 10^20 kg * 3 x 10^7 N / (6.67 x 10^-11 N * 5 x 10^12 kg))

= sqrt(4 x 10^20 kg * 3 x 10^7 N / (6.67 x 10^-11 N * 5 x 10^12 kg))

= sqrt(4 x 10^20 kg * 3 x 10^7 N / (6.67 x 10^-11 N * 5 x 10^12 kg))

= sqrt(12 x 10^27 N * m / (6.67 x 10^-11 N * 5 x 10^12 kg))

= sqrt(12 x 10^27 N * m / (3.33 x 10^-11 N * kg))

= sqrt(12 x 10^27 N * m / (3.33 x 10^-11 N * kg))

= sqrt(12 x 10^27 N * m / (3.33 x 10^-11 N * kg))

= sqrt(12 x 10^27 N * m / (3.33 x 10^-11 N * kg))

= sqrt(12 x 10^27 N * m / (3.33 x 10^-11 N * kg))

= sqrt(12 x 10^27 N *

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The impact force is 0.23 N.

An impact force is a force that causes a shock or a high impact in a short period of time. It happens when two things collide. This collision occurs when one object falls onto, or slams into, another object. This collision causes a shock because energy is transferred to the impacted entity (s).

v = m/s. The kinetic energy immediately preceding impact equals the gravitational potential energy at the height from which it was dropped: K.E. = J.

A car weighing 2000 kg travels at 60 km/h (16.7 m/s) before collapsing into a massive concrete wall. The front of the car makes a 0.5 m impact (the deformation distance). The force of the impact is 28 times that of gravity.

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The size of the net charge contained within the surface charge inside = total flux *ε = 0.0938*(8.85*10^-12) = 8.301*10^-13 C

Total flux = charge enclosed / ε

Therefore, you must first determine the overall flux. There is only flux via the two sides that are faced along the x axis since the E field is only in the x direction.

These faces are at x = a =0.269 m (left side of box)

and x = a+c = 0.5918 m (right side of box)

Left side of box E = 2+6*x^2 = 2+6*0.388^2 = 2.903

And the flux into the left side is E*A = 2.903*0.388*0.388 = 0.437

Now right side of box E = 2+6*0.5044^2 = 3.526

flux out of the right side is 3.526*0.388*0.388 = 0.5308

Total flux = flux out - fluxin = 0.5308 - 0.437 = 0.0938

charge inside = total flux *ε = 0.0938*(8.85*10^-12) = 8.301*10^-13 C

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If the centroid is at  I = 33.5 IN 4, then its centroidal x'-axis will be.

Simply put, the centroidal axis is a hypothetical line that passes through the centroid of an entity. Any axis that traverses the centroid of the cross section is said to be a centroidal axis. There is no limit to how many centroidal axes there can be. The main axes are two of these. The place inside an item where the force of gravity appears to be acting is called the centroid, or center of gravity. Any axis that traverses the centroid of the cross section is said to be a centroidal axis. There is no limit to how many centroidal axes there can be. The main axes are two of these.Out of all potential centroidal axes, the major principle axis is the one that has the biggest second moment of area, and the minor principal axis has the smallest second moment of area. The area's CG is the centroidal axis.

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The net force that it would produce here is 20N

F(net)= F1 + F2

F1=15N

F2=5N

therefore

15+5 = 20N

The vector sum of the forces exerted on a particle or object is known as the net force.

The net force is a single force that cancels out the original forces' influence on the motion of the particle.

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Given the initial distance between the two vehicles as 3200 ft and their speeds as v_A = 65 mi/h and v_B = 40 mi/h, we can use the formula for distance and time to calculate their accelerations.

Let's call the acceleration of vehicle A as a_A and that of vehicle B as a_B.

Using the first equation of motion:

v_A = v_0 + a_A * t

v_B = v_0 + a_B * t

Where v_0 is the initial velocity and t is the time taken to reach point P and Q.

t = 40 s for A and t = 42 s for B.

We can substitute the values and solve for a_A and a_B.

When the two vehicles pass each other, their relative velocity will be zero.

Using the formula for relative velocity:

v_rel = v_A - v_B

0 = v_A - v_B

v_A = v_B

At this point, we can use either of the two vehicles' equation of motion to find the time when they meet.

Using the equation of motion for vehicle A:

x = x_0 + v_0 * t + 0.5 * a_A * t^2

Substituting the values, we can solve for t to find the time when the vehicles meet.

The speed of the vehicles at that time will be equal to v_A or v_B, whichever we have used in our calculations.

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The wavelength of a wave is given by the velocity of the wave divided by the frequency:

λ = v / f

where v is the velocity of the wave (3.00 × 108 m/s) and f is the frequency (9.23 × 107 Hz). Plugging in the given values:

[tex]λ = 3.00 × 10^8 m/s / 9.23 × 10^7 Hz = 3.25 m[/tex]

So the answer is C. 3.25 m

Wavelength is a measure of the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of a wave. It is a characteristic property of a wave and determines its type (e.g. light wave, sound wave, etc.).

Wavelength can be calculated using the following formula:

λ = v / f

where λ is the wavelength, v is the velocity of the wave and f is its frequency. The velocity of the wave depends on the medium through which it is propagating (e.g. air, water, vacuum, etc.), while the frequency is a measure of the number of complete cycles of the wave that occur in one second.

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A curve's unit tangent vector is a vector that points in the direction of the curve at a given point and has length 1. The length of the indicated portion of the curve is sqrt(33) units.

To find the unit tangent vector of the curve R(t) = 6t^3 I + 2t^3 j + 3t^3 k for 1 ≤ t ≤ 2, we need to find the derivative of R(t), which represents the rate of change of the position vector at a given time.

dR/dt = 18t^2 I + 6t^2 j + 9t^2 k.

To get the unit tangent vector, we normalize the derivative by dividing it by its magnitude:

|dR/dt| = sqrt(18t^2 + 6t^2 + 9t^2) = sqrt(33t^2)

T(t) = (18t^2 I + 6t^2 j + 9t^2 k) / |dR/dt| = (18t^2 / sqrt(33t^2)) I + (6t^2 / sqrt(33t^2)) j + (9t^2 / sqrt(33t^2)) k.

We can simplify T(t) by dividing each component by t^2:

T(t) = (18 / sqrt(33)) I + (6 / sqrt(33)) j + (9 / sqrt(33)) k.

The unit tangent vector of the curve R(t) for 1 ≤ t ≤ 2 is (18 / sqrt(33)) I + (6 / sqrt(33)) j + (9 / sqrt(33)) k.

To find the length of the indicated portion of the curve, we need to integrate the magnitude of the derivative of R(t) over the interval [1, 2]:

L = ∫_1^2 |dR/dt| dt = ∫_1^2 sqrt(33t^2) dt = (2 * sqrt(33) - 1 * sqrt(33)) / 2 = sqrt(33).

The length of the indicated portion of the curve is sqrt(33) units.

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As we know that if the % of s-character increases then the bond strength gets increased.

Therefore, the increasing order of bond strength is-

1<3<2

bond (1) is formed by sp^3  hybridisation, bond (2) is formed by sp hybridisation and bond (3) is formed by sp^2 hybridisation.

As we know that if the % of s-character increases then the bond strength gets increased.

Therefore, the increasing order of bond strength is-

1<3<2

SP hybridization is a type of hybridization that occurs when an atom has one unhybridized p-orbital and two hybridized orbitals formed by the mixing of one s-orbital and one p-orbital. This results in the creation of two sp hybrid orbitals, which are directional and overlapping.

SP hybridization is often observed in compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atoms with a lone pair of electrons. These atoms bond with other atoms by forming sigma bonds between their sp hybrid orbitals and the orbitals of other atoms.

rank the indicated c–h bonds according to increasing strength

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B) 1900 m/s.The nonrelativistic electron must move at a velocity of [tex]1900m/s[/tex]

The de Broglie wavelength of a particle with mass m and velocity v is given by λ =[tex]\frac{ h}{mv}[/tex], where h is Planck's constant ([tex]6.63 * 10^{-34 }Js[/tex]). The wavelength of a 3.4-eV photon is

λ = hc/E

 [tex]\frac{hc}{E} = \frac{6.63 *10^{-34} Js * 3.00 * 10^{8 }m/s} {1.60 * 10^{-19} J }\\ = 7.89 * 10^{-7} m.[/tex]

Plugging in the mass of the electron (9.11 x 10-31 kg) and solving for the velocity, we get

v = h/mλ

   [tex]\frac{6.63 x 10-34 Js}{(9.11 x 10-31 kg x 7.89 x 10-7 m)} \\\\= 1900 m/s.[/tex]

Therefore, the nonrelativistic electron must move at a velocity of 1900 m/s in order for its de Broglie wavelength to be the same as the wavelength of a 3.4-eV photon.

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complete question: How fast must a nonrelativistic electron move so its de Broglie wavelength is the same as the

wavelength of a 3.4-eV photon? (mel = 9.11 × 10-31 kg, c = 3.00 × 108 m/s, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J)

A) 1700 m/s B) 1900 m/s C) 2000 m/s D) 1600 m/s E) 1400 m/s

The statement for law of conservation of momentum given is True.

Momentum is a physical quantity that describes the motion of an object. It is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Momentum is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.

The SI unit of momentum is kilogram meter per second (kg m/s). The magnitude of an object's momentum depends on its mass and velocity, and it is directly proportional to both.

The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system is constant. This means that the total momentum of all objects in a system remains the same unless an external force acts on the system.

The law of conservation of momentum can be expressed mathematically as:

m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1' + m2v2'

where m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects, v1 and v2 are their initial velocities, and v1' and v2' are their final velocities after the collision.

The law of conservation of momentum is applicable to both elastic and inelastic collisions, and it is a fundamental principle in classical mechanics. In an elastic collision, both the total momentum and the total kinetic energy of the system are conserved, while in an inelastic collision, the total momentum of the system is conserved but the total kinetic energy is not.

Therefore, The statement for law of conservation of momentum given is True.

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The example of an object with a non-zero kinetic energy is 'The International Space Station orbits the Earth' The correct option is C.

Kinetic energy is possessed by the objects which are in motion. The bodies at rest and which are in stationary position have zero kinetic energy. The SI units of kinetic energy is joule and CGS unit is erg.

Between things, kinetic energy is transmitted and has the potential to change into other types of energy.

The pendulum of the clock which is still has zero velocity, a boulder resting has zero velocity, car resting has zero velocity, a train parked has zero velocity.

The international space station orbiting the earth is in continuous motion so 'v' is a positive value and kinetic energy value is non-zero.

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The direction of the force is 135° counterclockwise from the +x-axis.

This can be calculated using Coulomb's Law:

[tex]F = k\frac{q1q2}{r^{2}}[/tex] , where F is the force, k is the Coulomb's constant (8.99e9 N m2/C2), q1 and q2 are the two charges, and r is the distance between them. In this case, q1 = 10 nC and q2 = -10 nC, and r = 0.3 m.

[tex]F = \frac{8.99e9 N m2/C2 * (10 nC * -10 nC) }{ (0.3 m)^{2}}[/tex]

      [tex]= -2.997e7 N[/tex]

Using the formula Fy = Fsin(θ), the y-component of the force is Fy = -2.997e7 N * sin(135°) = -2.997e7 N. The direction of the force F⃗ on the -10 nC charge is 135° counterclockwise from the +x-axis. Therefore, the direction of the force is 135° counterclockwise from the +x-axis.

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The S.I. unit of resistance is c. ohm. Hence the correct answer is given option c.

What is Resistance?

Resistance is a measure of the opposition of a material or device to the flow of electric current. It is expressed in ohms (Ω), and is determined by the material's electrical conductivity, as well as its physical characteristics such as length, cross-sectional area, and temperature.

Resistance results in the dissipation of energy in the form of heat, which can lead to thermal losses and reduction in the efficiency of electrical devices. In electronic circuits, resistance is used to control the flow of current and regulate voltage levels, and can be combined with other components such as capacitors and inductors to form more complex circuits.

Understanding and controlling resistance is important for the design and operation of electrical and electronic systems.

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They advance in opposite directions at an equal rate.

An uncommon variety of collision is an explosion. Perfectly inelastic collision that appears to occur in reverse. Each object is glued to the others before the 'collision'.

When two objects of equivalent mass move at the same speed toward one another, they eventually cling together. The two objects stick together after colliding and come to rest, conserving momentum but not kinetic energy.

Because both objects' total momentum before and after the collision is equal, momentum is conserved. Kinetic energy is not conserved, though. Sound, heat, and object deformation are produced by some of the kinetic energy. A collision involving a fast-moving car is an inelastic collision.

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The impulse experienced when a 55 kg person lands on firm ground after jumping from a height of 2.8 m is calculated to be 407.55 kg m/s.

Impulse is nothing but the term used to describe the effect of force acting over time to change the momentum of an object.

The mass of the person is given as 55 kg.

The height from which the person is jumping is 2.8 m.

The velocity before reaching the ground vf = √(2 g h) = √(2× 9.81 × 2.8) = 7.41 m/s

The impulse required to come to rest is calculated as, J = m × vf = 55 × 7.41 = 407.55 kg m/s

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The speed of light, at a frequency of 2.4 x 1013 1/s, equals 299,792,458 m/s.

The rate at which an object's position shifts in relation to its direction. The SI unit of speed is created when the fundamental quantities of length and time are combined. Meters per second (m/s) is the metric unit of measurement for speed. To measure frequency, one uses hertz. A sound wave's frequency is determined by how many vibrations it creates ( f ). Another way to think about frequency is the quantity of waves that pass a particular spot in a second.

The speed of light is consequently 299,792,458 m/s, or 2.4 x 1013 1/s, in frequency.

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The  intensity of the light transmitted through the second polarizer is I₀/4.

What is intensity?

A wave's intensity (I) is calculated by dividing its rate of energy transfer by the surface area over which the energy is dispersed. The rate of energy flow per unit area is, in other words, what intensity is. The quantity per unit area is measured by intensity. The size of waves per unit area is typically described by intensity. The power of a wave per unit of area over time is another way to think of a wave's strength.

What is light?

The electromagnetic radiation known as light is what enables the human eye to see and makes things visible. It can also be described as radiation that can be seen by humans. Light is made up of small energy packets called photons. Light moves in a straight line at all times.

The unpolarized light of Intensity I₀ is incident on a polarizer then a polarized light at intensity I₀/2 comes out.

Intensity of transmitted beam

It=I₀/2cos² 45 from the formula I=I₀cos²θ

It= I₀/2×1/2= I₀/4

Therefore, intensity of the light transmitted through the second polarizer is I₀/4.

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The typical magnification of ocular lenses, also known as eyepiece lenses, is usually 10x to 20x. Ocular lenses are a critical component of microscopes, telescopes, and other optical instruments, serving as the lens that is closest to the eye.

The magnification of the ocular lens affects the final magnification of the entire system and determines how much the image is enlarged. The typical magnification of ocular lenses is designed to provide a clear and comfortable view of the subject being observed. However, the magnification of ocular lenses can be customized depending on the intended use of the optical instrument and the user's preference.

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The speed of the block after 3.4 m is 2.68 m/s. Speed can be defined as the change in the position of an object over time.

Speed is the rate at which an object's position changes over time.

first determine the acceleration,

Vf²- Vi²=2aΔs,

Where,

3.80 m/s is the final speed, Vf.

Initial speed for Vi is 0

s is Traveled Distance = 7.4 mm

Acceleration is A.

Fill in the values in the formula,

Vf²- Vi²=2aΔs,

(3.80 m/s)² - 0² = 2xa x6.8 mm

1.061 m/s² = a

Put the acceleration value,

Vf²- Vi²=2aΔs,- Vi²=2aΔs

Vf²= 2aΔs + Vi²

Vf² = 2x 1.061 m/s² x 3.4mm + 0²

Vf²= 7.22

Vf=2.68 m/s

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The subway train has a constant acceleration of 1.60 m/s^2 for 14.0 s

And then runs at constant speed for 70.0 s

Before slowing down at a rate of 3.50 m/s^2 until it stops.

The final velocity, distance traveled, and time taken can be calculated using kinematic equations.

A branch of physics called kinematics, which originated in classical mechanics, defines how points, bodies, and systems of bodies move without taking into account the forces that are responsible for their motion.

When an object has either a constant velocity or constant acceleration, kinematic equations can be used to aid in problem-solving.

Kinematics is the area of classical mechanics that studies the motion of points, objects, and groups of things without taking into account the causes of motion. The Greek term "kinesis," which means motion, is where the name "kinematics" originates.

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It will take the car 5.0 seconds to reach a speed of 30.0 m/s from its initial speed of 15.0 m/s with an acceleration of 3.0 m/s2.

Velocity is a physical quantity that represents the rate of change of an object's position in a particular direction. It is a vector quantity and is defined as the derivative of the object's displacement with respect to time.

The formula for final velocity (V) after accelerating for time (t) at acceleration (a) is given by:

V = V0 + a × t

Here, the initial velocity (V0) is 15.0 m/s and the acceleration (a) is 3.0 m/s2. To find the time it takes to reach the final velocity of 30.0 m/s, we can rearrange the formula as follows:

t = (V - V0) / a

Plugging in the values, we get:

t = (30.0 - 15.0) / 3.0 = 5.0 seconds

Therefore, it will take the car 5.0 seconds to reach a speed of 30.0 m/s from its initial speed of 15.0 m/s with an acceleration of 3.0 m/s2.

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Psychology is defined as the study of the brain in order to understand human behaviors.

The psychology science research field is a discipline aimed at understanding human behaviors and emotions by analyzing the functioning of the brain, which is the major organ in the nerve system responsible for modulating these types of functions.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that Psychology is a specific science research field related to understanding human behaviors and feelings by analyzing how the different parts of the brain are associated with this process.

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Answer: Psychology is the organized study of behavior and the mental processes that occur with it

Explanation:

Took the K12 test

Two semiconductor materials have exactly the same properties except material a has a bandgap energy of 0.90 ev and material b has a bandgap energy of 1.10 ev. The ratio of n, of material b to material a is 1/2

Bandgap energy for material A = 0.90 eV

Bandgap energy for material B = 1.10 eV

Calculate the ratio of ni for Material B to Material A

Total derivation ( d ) = d1 + d2

d = A ( μ - 1 ) + A ( μ - 1 )  ---- ( 1 )

where : d = 1° , μ = 1.5 , μ = 1.6

Input values into equation 1 above

1° = 0.5Ac + 0.6Af  ---- ( 2 )

also d = d1 [ 1 - w/ w1 ] ------ ( 3 )

∴ d = Ac ( μ - 1 ) ( 1 - w/w1 )

1° = Ac ( 1.5 - 1 ) ( 1 - 0.06/0.1 )

1° = Ac ( 1.5 - 1 ) ( 1 - 0.06/0.1 )

Ac = 5°

we already know Ac so we can resolve equation ( 2 )

0.5Ac + 0.6Af

A = 2.5°

ratio of n =  A/ Ac 2.5/5 = 1/2

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z = 2(x² + y²)  is an equation for the surface consisting of all points p for which the distance from p to the x-axis is twice the distance from p to the yz-plane.

This equation represents a surface consisting of all points p for which the distance from p to the x-axis is twice the distance from p to the yz-plane. To understand this equation, it is helpful to consider the x-axis and the yz-plane as two distinct points in space. The distance from p to each of these points is simply the length of the line segment from p to each of the two points.

The equation states that the distance from p to the x-axis should be twice the distance from p to the yz-plane. This can be expressed mathematically by setting the distance from p to the x-axis equal to twice the distance from p to the yz-plane. This can be represented as a formula, z = 2(x² + y²), which is the equation for the surface. The x and y coordinates of a point p determine its distance from the x-axis and yz-plane, respectively, so these coordinates are squared and added together to get the equation.

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When information is encoded in atoms/molecules, the reproduction costs is nothing than it would be if the information were encoded in bits.

Molecules are:

A combination of two or more atoms from the same or different elements. When atoms of the same element are bonded together, it is called a molecular element (eg O2 or Oxygen).

If it's a matter of connecting atoms of different elements, we talk about composite molecules (e.g.

CO2 or carbon dioxide). If the smallest particles of metallic elements are atoms, then the smallest particles of non-metallic elements may be atoms or molecules. For example, the elements of the noble gas group (VIIIA) are composed of atomic particles. The halogen group elements (VIIA) consist of molecules of the element.

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