The maladaptive decision-making strategy that Irving Janis calls "groupthink" played a significant role in the disastrous decisions made by members of the Third Reich, Nixon's "palace guard," and NASA officials involved in the launch of the Challenger space shuttle.
Groupthink occurs when a group of individuals make decisions without considering all available information or alternatives, often resulting in flawed or catastrophic outcomes. In each of these cases, groupthink led to a lack of critical thinking and dissent within the decision-making process, ultimately resulting in disastrous consequences.
It is crucial for decision-makers to be aware of the dangers of groupthink and take steps to mitigate its effects to prevent future disastrous decisions.
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How did Romans get the water to flow through aqueducts from the source of the water to an urban center
The Romans used a combination of gravity and engineering to get water to flow through aqueducts from the source of the water to an urban center.
Aqueducts were typically made of stone or concrete, and their construction required skilled engineering and precise measurement. The aqueducts were designed to follow the natural contours of the land, with a gentle downward slope to ensure that the water flowed smoothly and steadily.
The Romans often used a system of tunnels and channels, known as a "specus," to transport the water from the source to the aqueduct. The specus was lined with waterproof materials such as concrete, plaster, or tiles to prevent leaks and ensure that the water remained clean.
The water was then carried by the aqueduct to the urban center, where it was distributed to various public fountains, baths, and private homes. To regulate the flow of water, the Romans used a system of sluice gates, or "castella," along the aqueducts. These gates could be opened or closed to control the amount of water flowing through the system.
Overall, the Roman aqueducts were a remarkable feat of engineering, and they played a critical role in supplying water to the growing cities of the Roman Empire. The technology and design principles used in the construction of the aqueducts have continued to influence civil engineering to this day.
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g Two main points of the Monroe Doctrine were that _____ was to stop colonization in the New World and not interfere in governments in the Western Hemisphere.
The two main points of the Monroe Doctrine were that colonization was to stop in the New World and that foreign powers were not to interfere in governments in the Western Hemisphere.
This was meant to establish the United States as the dominant power in the region and prevent European countries from expanding their empires through colonization.
The Monroe Doctrine, which went into effect in 1823, served as the official American government strategy for restricting and eliminating European dominance in the Americas.
The philosophy bears James Monroe's name, the eighth president of the United States.
Early in the 19th century, the United States, which was small and weak, had trouble enforcing the idea.
Today, it is regarded as one of the nation's oldest principles and a "defining moment" in the nation's foreign policy.
Following the American Civil War, European nations started to lose ground on the Americans as this theory was more strictly enforced.
Almost no European nation now has any kind of influence in the Americas.
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which region outside europe and north america underwent major industrial transformation in the ninettenth century
Japan underwent a major industrial transformation in the nineteenth century.
In 1868, Japan emerged from centuries of isolation and began a period of rapid modernization and industrialization known as the Meiji Restoration.
The government encouraged the development of industries and modern infrastructure, such as railways and telegraph lines, and sent scholars and officials abroad to learn about Western technology and ideas.
Japan adopted and adapted Western industrial practices, such as mass production and factory organization, and developed its own industries, including steel, textiles, and shipbuilding.
By the turn of the century, Japan had become a major industrial power and a player on the world stage. Its success inspired other countries in Asia, such as China and Korea, to begin their own modernization efforts.
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