[tex] \underline {\large{\sf \purple{Sahara \: Desert:- }}}[/tex]
The Sahara is the largest and second hottest desert in the world.A large hot desert spanning across North Africa.The topography is plain with some plateaus.climent is scorching hot and parch dry[tex] \: [/tex]
[tex] \underline{\large{ \sf \pink{ Ladakh \: Desert:-}}}[/tex]
Ladakh is a cold desert in the Great Himalayas, on the eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir.Relatively smaller cold desert spanning across India and the Himalayas.Relatively high altitudes and deeper valleys – some with river.climent is extremely cold and dry[tex] \: [/tex]
hope it helps!
The differentiate between Sahara desert and Ladakh desert are :-
Explanation:★ The Sahara desert ★ The Sahara is the largest desert on the globe It covers approximately 8.54 million sq. km. The Sahara desert is found in 11 countries: Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. In the Sahara Desert, there are gravel plains and upland plateaus with bare rock surfaces. These rock surfaces can reach over 2500 m in height in certain areas.The climate of the Sahara desert is extreme, blazing, and arid. The rainy season is not long. The sky is clear without clouds. In this case, moisture evaporates more quickly than it accumulates. During the day, temperatures can rise to 50°C, warming the sand and bare rocks that in turn emit heat, making everything around warm. In the desert of the Sahara, the vegetation includes cactus, date palms, and acacia. Some places have oasis – green islands surrounded by date palms. Camels, hyenas, jackals, foxes, scorpions, numerous varieties of snakes, and lizards are the main animal species that live here.★ The Ladakh desert ★ The Ladakh is cool and dry desert lying in the Great Himalayas, on the eastern side of the Jammu and Kashmir. The Karakoram extend in the north and Zanskar mountain in the south enclose it.. The zone encounters solidifying winds and burning hot daylight in the meantime are the one of a kind element. The Flora-the vegetation is inadequate i.e. sparse grass, bushes for creature to munch. The Fauna-a few species of birds and animals are Robins,Redstarts, Raven,Hoope and wild goat, wild sheep, yak.can you match terms related to operons to their definitions? drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.
1. OPERON: An OPERON is a stretch of DNA consisting of an operator, a promoter and genes for a related set of proteins usually making up an entire metabolic pathway.
2. GENES OF AN OPERON: The GENES OF AN OPERON are arranged sequentially after the promoter.
3. PROMOTER: A PROMOTER is a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.
4. REGULATORY GENE: A REGULATORY GENE codes for a protein, such as a repressor that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.
5. OPERATOR: Regulatory protein binds to the OPERATOR to control the expression of the operon.
6. REPRESSOR: A REPRESSOR is a protein that inhibits gene transcription. In prokaryotes, this protein binds to the DNA in or near the promoter.
7. INDUCER: AN INDUCER is a specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial regulatory protein and changes its shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on.
An operon refers to a unit of DNA which is made up of connected genes that regulate a particular protein synthesis. Operons are found in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses. Operon allows the protein synthesis in these organisms to be controlled coordinately in response to the needs of the cell. Proteins are produced only when they are needed, thus the operon helps the cell to conserve energy. An example of a well studied operon is the Lac operon of E. coli.
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(Part a - operon vocabulary can you match terms related to operons to their definitions? drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences)
true or false: for a trait with a sex-linked recessive mode of inheritance, it is possible to have a ry x ry cross.
The given statement (for a trait with a sex-linked recessive mode of inheritance, it is possible to have an rY x RY cross) is true because it is possible.
Diseases that are linked to a person's sex can be handed down through families on either the X or the Y chromosome. The chromosomes X and Y are the sex chromosomes. An example of dominant inheritance is when a disease is caused by a defective gene inherited from one parent even while the corresponding gene inherited from the other parent is healthy.
An autosomal recessive inheritance is a form of inheritance that can be used to pass on a genetic feature or condition from a parent to a kid. When a child receives one copy of a mutant (changed) gene from each parent, it is possible for the child to have a genetic disease. The parents of a kid who has a disorder that is passed down through autosomal recessive inheritance do not typically have the condition themselves.
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What are examples of acute coronary syndromes?
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are a group of conditions that result from sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
Three main types of acute coronary syndromes are:
Unstable angina: This is a condition in which chest pain or discomfort occurs with increasing frequency or intensity and may be caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI): This is a type of heart attack that occurs when a partial blockage in a coronary artery limits the amount of blood and oxygen that reaches the heart muscle.
ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): This is a more severe type of heart attack that occurs when a complete blockage in a coronary artery prevents any blood flow to the heart muscle.
These three types of acute coronary syndromes can range in severity and may have different outcomes, but they are all caused by disruption to blood flow to the heart muscle and require prompt medical attention.
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lysosomes group of answer choices are described by all of these answers. contain digestive enzymes. are concerned with intracellular digestion. are formed by the golgi apparatus. previousnext
A lysosome is a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes and is membrane-bound. Lysosomes are engaged in a variety of cellular functions.
They degrade extraneous or worn-out cell components. They might be utilized to eliminate invading viruses and bacteria. Lysosomes serve as the cell's digestive system, degrading material brought in from outside the cell as well as digesting outmoded components of the cell itself.
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that may be found in all eukaryotic cells. They are commonly referred to as terminal catabolic stations because they clear cells of trash and scavenge metabolic building blocks that support crucial biosynthetic events during famine.
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pedigree a is most likely x-linked recessive. what is/are the genotype(s) of the parent(s) that transmitted the mutant allele(s) to their offspring?
X-linked recessive illness in Pedigree A. B autosomal dominant pedigree. autosomal recessive pedigree D-generation, X-linked dominant.
How do genotypes work?Gene pool as a whole is characterized by the term "genotype," which roughly refers to an organism's genetic makeup. The phrase can also be used in a more particular sense to refer to the various alleles that an organism contains.
Humans are a diploid species, meaning that each genetic locus contains two alleles, one of which was inherited from each parent. Every pair of alleles in a gene is a representation of its genotype. For instance, the bloom color gene in sweet pea plants has two alleles.
The flower color gene, for instance, has two alleles in sweet pea plants. One allele, represented by the uppercase letter F, codes for purple flowers, whereas the other, represented by the lowercase letter f, codes for white flowers. FF, Ff, or ff are the three genotypes that could exist in a diverse population of sweet pea plants. The phenotype of a plant, in this case, the external characteristics of its blooms, is influenced by the genotype of that plant.
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1) What might happen if you try to protect areas that people live on, tribes use for hunting or farmers
use to grow crops?
Protecting areas that people live on, tribes use for hunting or farmers use to grow crops might result in conflicts or resistance if the people who depend on these areas for their livelihoods feel that their rights and needs are not being considered or respected.
How can land conflicts be resolved?Land conflicts can be resolved through a variety of approaches, including Mediation and negotiation, Legal action, Community-based approaches. It could also lead to economic hardship for the affected communities if they are unable to continue their traditional practices and access the resources they need.
Effective communication and collaboration with the communities and consideration of their perspectives and needs is important in implementing sustainable and fair conservation practices.
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Population ________ is the study of population sizes and the causes of these changes
Population demography is the study of population sizes and the causes of these changes.
What do you mean by population?
Population refers to the total number of people, animals, or things that inhabit a particular area or region. It can refer to a geographic area, a country, a city or town, or to a particular group or species of living creatures.
Demography is the study of population size and structure, as well as its dynamics over time. It involves the analysis of population data, such as fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and economic and social trends. Demographers use this data to understand population trends and how they affect a given population. They can then use this analysis to inform policy decisions and address population-related issues. Demography is important because it helps to better understand the social and economic development of a population, which can have a large impact on public health, economic development, and environmental sustainability.
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what effect did obstructing the brachial pulse have on your readings?
The following are the effects of obstruction of brachial pulse
The brachial pulse is the pulse that is felt at the brachial artery, which is located in the inside of the elbow.
If the brachial pulse is obstructed, it can affect the readings of pulse rate and blood pressure.
The obstruction of the brachial pulse can also indicate underlying medical conditions, such as blockages in the blood vessels or heart problems, which should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.
Blood is primarily delivered to the muscles in your upper arm and elbow joint by the brachial artery. Your blood pressure is frequently measured with it. The brachial artery is vulnerable to injury from severe injuries like arm fractures since it is located close to the surface of your skin.
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by the time the contents of the gi tract reach the , the three energy-yielding nutrients have been digested. group of answer choices pharynx duodenum ileum pancreas stomach
By the time the contents of the GI tract reach the ileum , the three energy-yielding nutrients have been digested.
The correct option is option c.
The GI tract or the gastrointestinal tract is basically the tract or the passageway of the digestive system of the human body which leads from the mouth and then all the way to the anus. The GI tract consists of all the major organs present in the digestive system, in humans as well as the other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and also intestines.
The small intestine is present right after the stomach and plays an important role in digestion as well as the absorption of food which is coming from the stomach. It is divided into three part namely the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. When the contents of the GI tract finally reach the ileum, the three energy-yielding nutrients have already been digested.
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what vein drains blood from the distal half of the large intestine?
The splenic tone drains the stomach, the superior mesenteric artery drains the upper small intestine, and the inferior mesenteric tone drains the distal portions of the colon.
The superior mesenteric artery( SMA) and the inferior mesenteric artery( IMA) give blood force to the colon. The inferior mesenteric artery, also a branch of the abdominal aorta, supplies the distal third of the transverse colon, the descending colon and sigmoid colon, and the superior portion of the rectum as the superior hemorrhoidal artery.
Tracing blood that drains from the large intestine, we find that blood rainspouts from the distal colon is collected in the inferior mesenteric tone, merges with the splenic tone, and is directed to the hepatic portal tone, the liver sinusoids, and the inferior vena cava.
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which the chromosome inherited from either the father or mother can sort into any gamete, produces the potential for tremendous genetic variation.
This phenomenon is known as independent assortment and it occurs during meiosis, the process of cell division that results in the formation of gametes in sexually reproducing organisms.
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes, which are pairs of chromosomes that contain the same genes, separate from each other and randomly sort into different gametes. This means that the chromosome inherited from either the father or the mother can sort into any gamete.
As a result, each gamete will contain a unique combination of chromosomes, leading to the potential for tremendous genetic variation in offspring.
This variation is essential for the process of evolution, as it provides the genetic diversity necessary for populations to adapt to changing environments and improve their chances of survival.
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nucleic acid polymers are made up of _______ monomers.
Nucleic acid polymers which are made up of nucleotide monomers.
Nucleic acids are long polymers made up of repeating units called nucleotides. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids and consist of three components: a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine in DNA, or adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil in RNA), a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA), and a phosphate group.
When nucleotides bond together, they form the backbone of the nucleic acid polymer, with the nitrogen-containing bases facing inward to form the coding portion of the molecule. The nucleic acid polymers are held together by covalent bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups of adjacent nucleotides, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone.
The sequence of nitrogen-containing bases determines the genetic information stored in nucleic acids, and the nucleotide monomers provide the structure for this information to be encoded and transmitted.
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plss help quickly!!!!! i will give 15 points
The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells and provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress. It also allows cells to develop turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall.
Answer:
ENDOLITHIUM
is the develop tugor pressure which protect against the cell wall
How much of the population of europe died during the black death?
Estimates vary,but it is said that between 75-200 million and 200 million people or between 30% and 60% of Europe's total population died during the black death.
What is black death?Black Death is a devastating disease that was responsible for the death of an estimated 75-200 million people in Europe and Asia during the 14th century. It is also known as the bubonic plague and is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. The disease was spread primarily through fleas and rats, and was spread through contact with the infected or their remains. Symptoms included fever, chills, headaches, and aching joints, as well as swollen and painful lymph nodes. In some cases, the disease progressed to cause vomiting, diarrhea, and a rash. Death usually occurred within three to five days of infection. Treatment options were limited and the mortality rate was incredibly high.
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why is the peak action potential depolarization ( 30mv) less than the na equilibrium potential ( 66mv)?
Peak action potential depolarization is less than the Na+ equilibrium potential because the depolarization is limited by the balance between the influx of Na+ ions and the efflux of K+ ions.
During an action potential, the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels leads to an influx of Na+ ions into the cell, which causes the membrane potential to become more positive. However, this depolarization is not enough to reach the Na+ equilibrium potential of +66 mV, which represents the potential at which the driving force for Na+ influx and efflux are equal.
The actual peak depolarization of an action potential is determined by a balance between the influx of Na+ ions and the efflux of positively charged ions, such as potassium (K+) ions, through other ion channels. The K+ channels help to limit the depolarization and prevent the membrane potential from reaching the Na+ equilibrium potential. Additionally, the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels contributes to repolarization of the membrane, which helps to reset the membrane potential and return it to its resting state.
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gizmo warm-up the circulatory system gizmo shows the heart and blood vessels that make up the circulatory system. look at the heart. how many chambers does the heart have?
Gizmo warm-up the circulatory system gizmo shows the heart and blood vessels that make up the circulatory system. There are four chambers in the heart.
The heart is a big, muscular organ that is responsible for pumping blood that is rich in oxygen and nutrients to the various tissues of the body. It does this by traveling via the blood vessels. It is composed of a total of four chambers.
Blood is necessary because it transports oxygen and nutrients to different regions of the body, allowing those components to function properly. The circulation of blood throughout your body is controlled by your heart.
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what amino acid becomes essential when phenylalanine is lacking in the diet? a. glycine b. arginine c. tyrosine d. glutamine
The amino acid that becomes essential when phenylalanine is lacking in the diet is (c) Tyrosine .
Phenylalanine is defined an an essential amino acid that our bodies cannot produce on their own, and it must be obtained through our diet.
The Phenylalanine plays an important role in several metabolic processes, including the synthesis of other important compounds such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and thyroxine.
When the phenylalanine is lacking in diet, tyrosine becomes an essential amino acid.
Tyrosine is produced from phenylalanine in the body and is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, hormones, and melanin, a pigment responsible for skin color.
The given question is incomplete , the complete question is
What amino acid becomes essential when phenylalanine is lacking in the diet ?
(a) Glycine
(b) Arginine
(c) Tyrosine
(d) Glutamine
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what is the main difference between the life cycles of members of phylum bryophyta and phylum pteridophyta? group of answer choices
Phylum Pteridophyta has a more complex life cycle than Phylum Bryophyta. Here option B is the correct answer.
The main difference between the life cycles of members of the Phylum Bryophyta and Phylum Pteridophyta is the presence or absence of vascular tissue, which is responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Phylum Bryophyta, also known as mosses, has a simple life cycle characterized by an alternation of generations. The haploid gametophyte generation is the dominant phase and is photosynthetic. The sporophyte generation is dependent on the gametophyte and is composed of a stalk and capsule that produces spores.
Phylum Pteridophyta, also known as ferns, have a more complex life cycle with the alternation of generations. Ferns have a vascular system that allows for the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant. The gametophyte generation is small and often lacks chlorophyll, while the sporophyte generation is larger and is the dominant phase.
Complete question:
what is the main difference between the life cycles of members of phylum Bryophyta and phylum Pteridophyta? group of answer choices
A) Phylum Bryophyta has a more complex life cycle than Phylum Pteridophyta
B) Phylum Pteridophyta has a more complex life cycle than Phylum Bryophyta
C) Both Phylum Bryophyta and Phylum Pteridophyta have similar life cycles
D) The life cycles of Phylum Bryophyta and Phylum Pteridophyta cannot be compared.
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What occurs when an axon is not conducting a nerve impulse and there is more sodium
outside the axon and more potassium inside the axon?
Select one:
O a. An action potential
O b. An autonomic potential
c. A resting potential
O d. A somatic potential
Oe. A threshold potential
When an axon is not transmitting a nerve impulse, more sodium is present outside and more potassium is present inside the axon, which results in the resting potential.
What is axon?A nerve cell, or neuron, projects a long, thin portion called an axon that carries electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. It is in charge of relaying data from one neuron to the next, whether it be to a muscle cell or another neuron. The action potentials, which are electrical impulses that flow along the axon, enable quick and effective communication between neurons and other cells in the body.
At this point, the electrical potential of the axon differs because its inside is negatively charged relative to its exterior. The selective permeability of the cell membrane to ions and the action of ion pumps maintain this electrical potential. When a change in the membrane potential surpasses a certain threshold, the resting potential serves as a baseline from which an action potential can be started.
When the threshold is crossed, voltage-gated ion channels open, allowing positively charged ions to quickly and briefly enter the membrane and depolarizing it, resulting in an action potential.
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explain how weak, noncovalent bonds can lead to strong and specific associations between macromolecules or between an enzyme and its substrate.
Weak, noncovalent bonds can lead to strong and particular connections between macromolecules or between an enzyme and its substrate because they can pile up to provide a strong attraction between two molecules when they are extremely near together.
Noncovalent bonds are important in biological systems because they help with molecular recognition, protein stabilization, and the selectivity and efficiency of enzyme activities.
Because non-covalent forces are particular without giving as much rigidity as covalent forces, they are vital in biological function. Covalent forces are the quantum mechanical forces that govern the chemical bonding of electron pairs.
Because noncovalent interactions are unreliable, they can form, break, and re-form faster and require less energy than covalent bonds. This is critical for maintaining the flexibility required in macromolecules. Van der Walls interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions are examples of them (also called ionic bonding). Non-covalent interactions are weak interactions amongst atoms or molecules that do not result in a chemical reaction.
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Go to the dropdown section, Limbic System.
Which part of the limbic system monitors blood pressure and blood levels of glucose
and salt?
A.medulla
B.all of the listed parts of the limbic system
C.hypothalamus
D.amygdala
E.hippocampus
Amygdala and hippocampus of the limbic system monitors blood pressure and blood levels of glucose
and salt.
What is the limbic system?
Particularly when it comes to behaviours like feeding, reproducing, and raising children as well as fight-or-flight reactions, the limbic system is the part of the brain that regulates human behaviour and emotions.The limbic system's components are tucked away deep within the cerebral cortex and brainstem. Two of the limbic system's essential parts include the hippocampus and the amygdala, as well as the thalamus, hypothalamus (which generates essential hormones and controls appetite, thirst, mood, etc.), and basal ganglia.To know more about limbic system, click the link given below:
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What is an Endocervical transformation zone component?
The endocervical transformation zone component is present in our cervix and is checked during pap smear test.
Presence of the squamous metaplastic or the endocervical cells on the Pap smear test results can raise some questions as well as concerns. However, the presence of such cells isn’t always a cause for concern.
The presence of endocervical cells on the test basically means that the doctor happened to sample the cells from the inside of the cervix during the Pap smear test. Endocervical cells are basically mucus-producing glandular cells which are located within the inner cervix or the endocervix. During a Pap smear, the doctor or nurse may take a sample of these cells, but that is not always the case.
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Fill The Blank? eardrum vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in _____
The incoming sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate, and the vibrations are transmitted to three tiny bones in the middle ear.
The malleus, incus, and stapes are the names of these bones. The malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes bones are named after their shapes (stirrup). The ossicles amplify the sound even more. The stapes bone is a tiny bone that connects the middle ear to the inner ear.
The middle ear is made up of three tiny bones: Attached to the eardrum is a hammer (malleus). Anvil (incus) — in the middle of the bone chain. Stirrup (stapes) — a device that is attached to the membrane-covered opening that connects the middle and inner ear (oval window)
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Which is a characteristic of mutations?
They usually produce dominant traits.
They usually are expressed in the next generation.
They meet a species' need.
They occur randomly
Mutations occur randomly at any place in the DNA sequence and may occur in any cell, hence option D is correct.
What is mutation?Any alteration in the DNA base sequence, also known as a heritable change in the genome, is referred to as a mutation.
The most frequent modification involves the replacement, insertion, rearrangement, or deletion of one or more bases. A mutant phenotype need not result from a mutation.
A mutation is a change to an organism's DNA sequence. Errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infection can all cause mutations.
Therefore mutation can occur randomly.
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Which phrase describes an example of a protein?
A. a single stranded molecule that manages protein production
B. all of the genetic material found in a turtle
C. a molecule that is built using the information stored in a gene
D. a segment of dna that carries code for a dogs eye color
Answer: C. a molecule that is built using the information stored in a gene
Explanation: A protein is a complex molecule that is made up of amino acids. These amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form long chains. Proteins are crucial components of living organisms because they perform a wide range of functions, including structural support, transport, and catalyzing chemical reactions.
Proteins are built using the information stored in genes. Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for building specific proteins. During protein synthesis, the DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA, which then serves as a template for assembling the amino acids in the correct order.
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the classification of an organism is important for scientists because____.
please someone explain "a diploid reproductive cell dovides mitotically to form four haploid cells called spermatids"
how do 3 cycles above compare to the phosphorous cycles?
Answer:
The nitrogen, carbon, and water cycles refer to the ways in which these elements circulate through the environment, moving between living organisms and the physical environment. The phosphorus cycle is similar, but instead focuses on the circulation of phosphorus, an essential nutrient for plant growth. All four cycles play important roles in maintaining the balance of the Earth's ecosystem and are interconnected. However, the phosphorus cycle is often considered more limited and less efficient compared to the other cycles due to the limited availability of phosphorus in the Earth's crust.
cow-nose, manta, eagle, butterfly, and bat are all varieties of what largest group of cartilaginous fishes?
They are all varieties of rays, which are a type of cartilaginous fish. Rays belong to the class Chondrichthyes, which also includes sharks, skates, and sawfish.
What is rays?Rays are a type of fish that belong to the Elasmobranchii class of cartilaginous fish. They are closely related to sharks and skates, and are found in oceans around the world. Rays have flattened bodies, with wide pectoral fins, and a long tail that can be used to defend themselves or to move quickly through the water. They feed on small fish, mollusks, and crustaceans. Rays can vary in size, with some species growing up to 6.5 feet long. They are often found in shallow waters, near coral reefs and sandy bottoms, where they can find food and shelter. Rays are an important part of the ocean’s ecosystem, as they provide an important food source for other fish and sea creatures.
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the length tension relationship in cardiac muscle make the heart to make automatic adjustments in its output. this is accomplished by
The length tension relationship in cardiac muscle make the heart to make automatic adjustments in its output. this is accomplished by Frank-Starling
As indicated by the Frank-Starling relationship, expanded ventricular volume increments heart yield, which helps match cardiovascular result to fringe circulatory interest. The cell reason for this relationship is by and large the myofilament length-pressure relationship.
At the point when the mechanical properties of disengaged cardiovascular muscle are concentrated on in the research center, we see that as assuming the muscle is animated to contract at short resting sarcomere lengths (i.e., at low preloads) under isometric circumstances (fixed length), how much dynamic strain created (complete pressure less the resting strain) is somewhat little. On the off chance that a similar examination is rehashed with the muscle at a more extended preload length before compression, the created dynamic pressure is expanded.
In the event that this examination is finished at a few preload lengths, and dynamic pressure is plotted as an element of preload, we notice the relationship displayed in the figure. This plot is known as the length-strain chart for isometric withdrawals. In rundown, expansions in preload lead to an expansion in dynamic pressure.
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(Complete question) is:
the length tension relationship in cardiac muscle make the heart to make automatic adjustments in its output. this is accomplished by___.