describe wilson and brown's typologies of police and explain how each might perceive the role of discretion.

Explanation:

In state court systems, trial courts are typically called Superior Courts, Circuit Courts, or District Courts, depending on the state. The highest court in a state system is usually referred to as the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeals.

In the federal court system, trial courts are called United States District Courts. The intermediate appellate court is the United States Court of Appeals, and the highest court is the Supreme Court of the United States.

The 94 District Courts (trial courts), 13 Courts of Appeals (intermediate appellate courts), and the United States Supreme Court are the three main categories of federal courts within the federal system (the court of final review).

The 94 district or trial courts that make up the country are known as US District Courts. District courts settle disputes by gathering the relevant information and using legal standards to determine who is correct. Trial courts feature a district judge who conducts the trial and a jury who renders the verdict.

tabs at the top. If all of the courts are authorized to hear the matter, two or more courts can hear it concurrently. The fact that federal courts and state courts in the United States share concurrent jurisdiction to hear various types of actions is particularly noteworthy.

To Know more about United States

https://brainly.com/question/1527526

#SPJ4

The exclusive powers of the Supreme Court include,

The Supreme Court can be regarded as the judicial body that holds the highest level of authority in the judicial system of the United States. However, it is also to be taken into consideration that some powers of the law are only and only in the hands of the Supreme Court, thereby making these powers exclusive. These powers have already been aforementioned.

Learn more about Supreme Court here:

https://brainly.com/question/12848156

#SPJ4

Answer: Judge judy

Explanation:

The Antifederalists contended that a written constitution and the preservation of individual rights like freedom of speech, religion, and property should restrict the powers of the government. They feared that these rights would be threatened by an overly powerful central authority.

When the federal Constitution was being ratified in the United States in the late 18th century, a political movement known as the Antifederalists opposed it. They said the proposed Constitution endangered the sovereignty of the states and the rights of individuals to their individual liberty and gave the federal government too much authority. In order to protect personal liberties including the right to free speech, religion, and property, antifederalists argued for the establishment of a bill of rights. They wanted the federal government to be more constrained. Even though they objected, the Constitution was approved in 1788, and the Antifederalist views influenced the decision to include the Bill of Rights in the Constitution in 1791.

To learn more about antifederalists visit here:

https://brainly.com/question/13838143

#SPJ4

Thecruel and unusual punishments The Eighth Amendment's clause is its most significant and contentious element. The Clause is mysterious in certain respects.

About the origins of the phrase "cruel and unusual punishments," we do know some things. A Bill of Rights was enacted in England in 1689, more than a century before the United States Constitution was ratified, that forbade "cruell and unusuall penalties." The Virginia Declaration of Rights, which George Mason authored in 1776, forbade the use of cruel and unusual punishments. This similar ban was made the centerpiece of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1791.

The United States Constitution did not have a Bill of Rights when it was initially passed by the states, and it did not forbid harsh and unusual punishments. After the Constitution was ratified, several safeguards were included. The arguments that took place during the states' deliberations on whether to ratify the Constitution help clarify the purpose of the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause by illuminating the reasons that many people believed this clause was necessary.

To know more about cruel and unusual punishments:

https://brainly.com/question/29615431

#SPJ4

A script child is an inexperienced, uneducated threat actor. The best defense against script kiddie assaults is to be aware of known system weaknesses, which are frequently targeted by these attacks. A: Maintain system updates and follow accepted security procedures.

The best defense against script kids is a solid perimeter defense.

A countermeasure is a strategy for reducing a possible risk. Countermeasures lessen the possibility of a danger agent taking advantage of a weakness.

To Know more about security procedures.

https://brainly.com/question/19592587

#SPJ4

Individual privacy rights, such as the right to get married, have kids, or have control over one's own body, are frequently protected by the Ninth Amendment.

The Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, include the Ninth Amendment. It was incorporated into the Constitution in 1791 and acts as a safeguard for personal freedoms that aren't expressly stated there. According to the amendment, "The enumeration of some rights in the Constitution shall not be construed to exclude or denigrate other rights retained by the people." The purpose of this amendment is to prevent the government from violating unrecognised rights including the right to privacy, the right to marry, and the right to regulate one's own body, among others. The Ninth Amendment is frequently viewed as a safeguard against the government abusing its authority and violating people's rights that aren't specifically stated in the Constitution.

To learn more about amendments visit:

https://brainly.com/question/6202243

#SPJ4

The Supreme court docket case snyder v. phelps is an example of competing rights because the proper of privacy and speech inflicting emotional misery got here into combat with the freedom of speech.

In Snyder v. Phelps, 562 U.S. 443 (2011), the U.S. Supreme Court dominated 8-1 that the First Amendment prohibited the imposition of civil legal responsibility upon a church and its individuals who picketed the funeral of a slain Marine.

In general, competing human rights involve conditions where parties to a dispute claim that the enjoyment of an person or group's human rights and freedoms, as protected by law, would intervene with another's rights and freedoms.

Learn more about Snyder v. Phelps  here:

Answer:

The American Constitution has survived as the guiding principle of American governance for several reasons. Firstly, it is a flexible document that can adapt to changing times and circumstances through the amendment process. Secondly, it establishes a system of checks and balances between the three branches of government, which helps to prevent any one branch from having too much power. Additionally, it guarantees individual rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press, which have become deeply ingrained in American culture and are fiercely protected by the American people.

The American Constitution does play a role in America's "exceptionalism," but it is not the only factor. American exceptionalism refers to the belief that the United States is a unique and superior nation with a special destiny. This belief is based on a combination of factors, including the country's rich history, its political and economic systems, and its cultural values. The American Constitution is one of the key components of this belief, as it enshrines the values and principles that have made the United States what it is today.

In conclusion, the American Constitution has been a crucial factor in the survival and success of American governance, but it is not the only factor that has contributed to America's exceptionalism. It is the combination of many factors, including the Constitution, that make the United States unique and exceptional.

IRAC (Issue, Rule, Analysis, and Conclusion) is a specific format for organizing legal arguments and writing about legal cases, while APA (American Psychological Association) format is a writing style used primarily in the social sciences for academic and research papers.

The main differences between IRAC and APA format are the purpose, structure, and content of the writing. IRAC focuses on legal analysis and draws conclusions about the application of the law, while APA format focuses on presenting research findings and providing references and citations.

to know more about apa format refer here

https://brainly.com/question/12548905#

#SPJ11

The United States Constitution, as well as the constitutions of other nations, both uphold the idea of "no ex post facto laws." Ex post facto refers to laws that modify the legal ramifications or status of actions carried out before the legislation was established. The term is derived from the Latin ex post facto, which means "after the fact."

The "no ex post facto legislation" principle forbids the application of criminal laws retroactively to render an act unlawful after it has already been done or to impose harsher penalties for an already-committed act. This means that the government cannot enact legislation that would criminalize conduct that wasn't already unlawful or that would enhance the penalties for conduct that has already been committed. This rule aims to safeguard people from capricious and retroactive criminal penalties and to advance justice and predictability in the criminal justice system.

For such more question on ex post facto:

brainly.com/question/2498364

#SPJ4

It is true that only the party who loses at trial can request an appeal of the case to a higher court. An appeal is a legal process in which a party to a court case requests that a higher court review the decision of the lower court.

Generally, only the party who loses at trial can request an appeal. The objective of an appeal is to determine if the lower court’s decision was correct and to ensure that the law was correctly applied in the case. The appeals court will review the arguments and evidence presented to the lower court, and may affirm, reverse, or modify the lower court’s decision.

In the United States, there are both state and federal appellate courts. After a decision is made in a lower state court, the losing party can appeal the decision to the state’s highest court. If the losing party is unsatisfied with the decision of the state’s highest court, then they can appeal the decision to the federal appellate court.

To know more about appeal refer to the link  brainly.com/question/23936876

#SPJ4

No, Abby is not right. The note does not need to contain a certain or definite time of repayment in order to be negotiable.

What do you mean by repayment?

Repayment is the process of paying back money that was borrowed. It is a legal agreement between the borrower and the lender and is usually done in installments. Repayment typically involves interest, which is an additional fee charged by the lender for allowing the borrower to use the money. Repayment normally involves the lender receiving regular payments from the borrower, usually at the same time each month. Repayment can also involve other obligations such as making sure the borrower is current on all taxes, insurance, and other costs associated with the loan. Repayment is an important part of the loan process and should not be taken lightly. It is important for borrowers to make all payments on time and to be aware of any changes in the terms of the loan. Failing to properly repay a loan can lead to serious financial consequences.

So, The required answer is No.

To learn more about Repayment:

https://brainly.com/question/30281186

#SPJ1

No, the statement given above is inappropriate, that all states have adopted the daubert standard of admissibility of scientific evidence. Thus, the given statement is false.

The scientific evidence is the most crucial factor that can help in determination of the factors attached to an activity. Many states in the America have shown their acceptance towards the daubert standard, however, this standard of scientific evidence is not relevant across all the states in the America. Only nine states have openly accepted this standard.

Learn more about scientific evidence here:

https://brainly.com/question/24378643

#SPJ4

Complete question

T/F. All states have adopted the daubert standard for admissibility of scientific evidence.

Rational choice theory is an updated version of classical criminology. Classical criminology, which emerged in the 18th century, emphasized individual free will and rationality as the key determinants of criminal behavior.

According to classical criminologists, individuals choose to engage in criminal behavior after weighing the potential rewards and risks of their actions. Rational choice theory is an updated version of classical criminology that takes into account contemporary understandings of crime and criminal behavior. Rational choice theorists argue that individuals engage in criminal behavior when the potential benefits outweigh the costs, including the risk of being caught and punished.

Rational choice theory emphasizes the role of individual decision-making in criminal behavior and suggests that crime can be reduced by increasing the perceived risks and costs associated with criminal activity. This approach has been used to develop crime prevention strategies, such as increasing the visibility of security measures or increasing the likelihood of punishment for criminal activity.

Learn more about criminologists :

https://brainly.com/question/14313357

#SPJ4

Explanation:

Trial courts are concerned with hearing and determining the facts and applying the law to those facts in order to reach a decision or verdict in a particular case. They are responsible for conducting trials, making findings of fact and conclusions of law, and imposing sentences or remedies in criminal, civil, and administrative cases.

Trial courts are primarily concerned with questions of fact ; that is , they determine exactly what events occurred that are relevant to questions of the defendants guilty or innocence.

A trial is an official hearing in a courtroom when a judge and jury consider the evidence and determine whether a defendant is guilty of a crime. TRYING ROOMS. An initial trial court, as opposed to an appeals court, is a court of law. Courts of appeals or courts, known as superior courts in various US states. a higher court; a court having extensive authority over lower courts. The Supreme Court of the United States serves as the final level of appeal in the federal court system and is the first level of appeal following the district courts, which serve as the trial court.

Learn more about Trial courts here

https://brainly.com/question/30390265

#SPJ4

Trial courts are primarily concerned with _______ __ _____; that is , they determine exactly what events occurred that are relevant to questions of the defendants guilty or innocence.

According to the law of comparative advantage, both individuals and nations will be able to produce a larger combined output if each productive activity is undertaken by the producer who is able to hire workers at the lowest wage.

In an economic model, agents have a comparative advantage over others if they can produce that good at a lower relative opportunity cost or autarky price, i.e. at a lower relative marginal cost prior to trade. Comparative advantage is the economic reality of trade gains for individuals, firms, or nations that result from differences in their factor endowments or technological progress.

(The absolute advantage, comparing output per time (labor efficiency) or per quantity of input material (monetary efficiency), is generally thought to be more intuitive but less accurate — as long as the opportunity costs of producing goods vary across countries, productive trade is possible.

Learn more about Comparative advantage

https://brainly.com/question/13221821

#SPJ4

Answer:

It provides us with a sense of what is appropriate and inappropriate behaviour in society, which is what makes society possible in the first place. There would be little chance for human civilization without morality because without it, people would just behave in their own best interests without taking into account the needs or rights of others.

Hope it helps!

Explanation:

The Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires are aging empires suffered from the forces of nationalism.

Nationalism: Rather than to a ruler, an ethnic group's loyalty should be to the people of the nation and their way of life.

There are three aging emires : The Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires

To know more about nationalism:

https://brainly.com/question/1018147

#SPJ4

The act of frightening, making fun of, or degrading another individual is bullying.

Bullying is a form of maltreatment that involves intimidating, making fun of or demeaning another person.

Bullying is when someone is mistreated, violently dominated, or intimidated by the use of force, compulsion, harsh teasing, or threats.

The actions are frequently repeated and ingrained.

A necessary prerequisite is the perception of an imbalance of physical or social power, whether possessed by the bully or by others.

This imbalance is what distinguishes bullying from confrontation.

A hostile intent, an imbalance of power, and recurrence over time set bullying apart from other forms of aggressive behavior.

Bullying is the act of displaying aggressive conduct repeatedly with the intent to cause harm to another person's body, mind, or emotions.

Therefore, intimidating, poking fun at, or demeaning another person is bullying.

Know more about Bullying here:

https://brainly.com/question/25667896

#SPJ4

The statements that are true about anti-federalists are They were against ratification, They thought aristocrats had written the Constitution, and They desired guarantees of citizens' liberties. The correct answer is option(d).

The Anti-Federalists were antagonistic to the acceptance of the 1787 U.S. Constitution cause they were worrisome that the new nationwide administration hopefully also effective and accordingly warned individual freedoms, likely the dearth of a bill of rights. Furthermore, the Anti-Federalists trusted in the lack, or proneness, of the Articles of Confederation. The Anti-Federalist's secondhand alias and written local talks and revelation items conflicted with the administration. One of the Anti-Federalists was Patrick Henry from the united states of america of Virginia.

The Anti-Federalists were the opposite of a powerful main government. It present excessive capacity to the civil administration at the cost of the capacities of the united states america government, it acted not to involve the bill of rights. Gave complete capacity to general governments, and the most persuasive debate was that it didn't contain it.

To know more about  anti-federalists refer to: https://brainly.com/question/412270

#SPJ4

If you are not a government employee, military member, or contractor and are in a situation where you feel you need to disclose an insider threat, you should get in touch with your local law enforcement or the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

An insider danger is the possibility that a worker or contractor will improperly or intentionally exploit their access to compromise American security.

The term "insider threat" does not apply to any attack that comes from an unreliable, unidentified, external source. So that any abnormal traffic behaviors may be found, insider threats necessitate advanced monitoring and logging systems.

For more information on insider threat kindly visit to

https://brainly.com/question/27671019

#SPJ4

Special laws and fast-track courts could replace particular offences under the Indian Penal Code in order to reduce the backlog of cases at each police station.

The governmental organisations entrusted with maintaining the law, adjudicating criminal cases, and punishing offenders are referred to as the "criminal justice system." It functions essentially as a social control mechanism. One of the three subcategories of criminal justice system reforms—judicial, prison, or police—is frequently the focus of such changes .Special laws and fast-track courts could replace particular offences under the Indian Penal Code in order to reduce the backlog of cases at each police station. Investigations and court cases might move more rapidly if

To learn more about criminal justice system refers to:

brainly.com/question/13970953

#SPJ1

Answer:

he U.S. Marshals Service is responsible for the following:

Protecting the federal judiciary and its witnesses

Apprehending federal fugitives

Managing and selling seized and forfeited assets

Providing security for the U.S. Supreme Court

Transporting federal prisoners

Ensuring the effective operation of the U.S. courts.

Explanation:

The FBI and forensic scientists identify the carpet company that manufactured the carpet in the Wayne Williams case by: making use of  a combination of microscopic hair and fiber analysis and carpet manufacturing records.

The FBI and forensic scientists tend to  identify the carpet company by making use of a combination of microscopic hair and fiber analysis to identify the carpet company that manufactured the carpet in the Wayne Williams case.

The carpet fibers found at crime scenes were compared to fibers from carpet samples collected from Wayne Williams' home and car, as well as carpet samples obtained from several carpet companies.

This analysis revealed that the carpet fibers were consistent with those used by a particular carpet company, who provided records of sales to Atlanta area customers.

Therefore they make use of  microscopic hair and fiber analysis.

Learn more about FBI and forensic scientists here:https://brainly.com/question/1528071

#SPJ1

The FBI and forensic scientists were able to identify the carpet company that manufactured the carpet in the Wayne Williams case by using a technique called "fiber analysis." This involved comparing the microscopic fibers found on the victims' clothing to fibers taken from carpet samples collected from various manufacturers.

The process involved carefully removing individual fibers from the victim's clothing and comparing them to fibers from the carpet samples. The fibers were examined under a microscope, and their color, texture, and other physical characteristics were studied and recorded. By comparing the fibers, forensic scientists were able to identify a match between the fibers on the victim's clothing and the carpet fibers from a specific manufacturer.

Therefore, This information was used as evidence in the trial of Wayne Williams, who was convicted of killing two adults and linked to the deaths of several other young people in the Atlanta area in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The fiber analysis helped to build a case against Williams and was seen as a major breakthrough in the use of forensic science in criminal investigations.

Learn more about forensic form

https://brainly.com/question/19238665

#SPJ1

This statement is false: the supreme court has no role in constitutional revision.

The constitution may be changed in a variety of ways. By using its judicial review authority to interpret the Constitution as it considers cases, the Supreme Court plays a significant role in constitutional revision.

Before the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted (1869), only the federal government was subject to the Bill of Rights' provisions. Following the passage of the Amendment, the Supreme Court started to rule that the majority of its provisions also applied to the states. As a result, the Court has the final say regarding whether or not a right is protected by the Constitution.

The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country to hear cases and disputes involving the Constitution. The Court serves as the final arbiter of the law, the guardian of the Constitution, and the interpreter of the law. It is responsible for providing equal justice under the law.

To know more about Supreme Court:

https://brainly.com/question/224703

#SPJ4

Mr. Cassidy claims he is entitled to a refund of that charge. Pacific disagrees. a. Pacific is correct because a confirmed reservation is a binding contract, and the cancellation policy was clearly spelled out.

In this case, Pacific Hotel charged Samuel Cassidy for one-night stay even after he canceled the reservation, as per the hotel's cancellation policy, if the guest fails to notify the hotel of their intent to cancel the reservation before 8:00 a.m. on the day of the scheduled reservation, they will be charged for one night's stay.

However, Mr. Cassidy claims he is entitled to a refund, as he believes the law does not permit hotels to charge guests who do not use a hotel room.

Therefore, The answer to the question is: Pacific is correct because a confirmed reservation is a binding contract, and the cancellation policy was clearly spelled out. When a customer makes a reservation, they enter into a contract with the hotel, and if they don't comply with the cancellation policy, they are responsible for paying the fee stated in the policy. In this case, Mr. Cassidy was aware of the cancellation policy and failed to comply with it, which resulted in the charge.

Learn more about policy form

https://brainly.com/question/3772615

#SPJ1

The bureaucratic model of law enforcement emphasizes hierarchy, rules, and formal procedures. It aims to ensure impartiality, accountability, and efficiency in law enforcement activities.

The bureaucratic model of law enforcement is based on the principles of bureaucracy, which include hierarchy, rules, and formal procedures. In this model, the structure of law enforcement organizations is characterized by a clear chain of command and defined roles and responsibilities for each level of the organization.

This helps to ensure that decisions are made in an impartial manner and that there is accountability for actions taken by law enforcement officers.

Additionally, the bureaucratic model emphasizes standard operating procedures and strict adherence to rules and regulations, which helps to ensure efficiency and consistency in the delivery of law enforcement services.

The bureaucratic model of law enforcement is designed to ensure that the responsibilities and duties of law enforcement officers are clearly defined and that there is a clear chain of command and accountability for their actions.

This helps to promote fairness, impartiality, and efficiency in the provision of law enforcement services to the community.

To know more about law enforcement click on the link below:

https://brainly.com/question/29422434#

#SPJ11

1. The coding conventions for the ICD-10-CM are the general rules for use of the classification independent of the guidelines.

2. The ICD-10-CM Tabular List contains categories, subcategories, and codes

ICD-10-CM stands for International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification. It's a system for classifying diseases and health conditions for statistical and reporting purposes. It's widely used by healthcare providers in the United States to diagnose and report medical conditions, and is maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Therefore, the correct answers are as given above

learn more about ICD-10-CM: https://brainly.com/question/19550778

#SPJ1

I agree with the KISS rule of writing ("Keep it Short and Simple") in term of report writing.

According to the "Keep it Short and Simple" (KISS) rule, reports and other papers should be brief and simple to read.

As it encourages simplicity and clarity in communication, this guideline can be helpful in a variety of circumstances.

This guideline does not, however, always hold true for all types of reports or all audiences. For instance, some reports could need a more in-depth examination, which necessitates writing that is more sophisticated or extensive.

The intended audience may also influence the level of technical detail needed, with certain audiences demanding more technical detail than others.

Learn more about report writing:

https://brainly.com/question/28430200

#SPJ4

One of the greatest issues was that the federal government lacked the authority to levy taxes. Under the Articles of Confederation, only state governments were allowed to impose taxes in order to avoid any perception of "taxation without representation."

The absence of a centralized body with the capacity to tax and regulate commerce was a flaw in the Articles of Confederation that precluded Congress from funding its operations. Each state maintained its own sovereignty and had the authority to control trade within its borders under the Articles.

The Articles further restricted Congress's capacity to raise money by denying it the authority to control interstate commerce. As a result, Congress was unable to support the military, keep a standing army, control trade, or deal with many other issues that the young country was experiencing. These flaws ultimately prompted the need for a more powerful federal government and the creation of the United States Constitution.

For such more question on articles:

brainly.com/question/30417015

#SPJ4