Demonstrate how 200 different cells came from a single fertilized ovum ?​

Answer:

Humans are not that different from other animals, but vary in the finer detail.

Indeed most amniotes (terrestrial organisms with fetuses surrounded by membrane) work pretty well along the same principles, and there’s also much in common as far back as you want to go, really, on land or in water.

And my next semi-random thought is to say that cellular differentiation, like real estate (apparently), is all about location, location, location. Where the cells are, or where they came from, seems to matter a lot.

Actually, it’s more about layers. Like an onion. Or a cake. (I can’t believe I’m writing this, and apologies to any Shrek fans out there.)

What I mean to say is that some understanding of developmental embryology will help here. To simplify things enormously, our adult cell types ultimately arise from embryonic stem cells. These stem cells are multi-purpose and programmable, or pluripotent in a sense, and capable of making whatever type or form of cell is requested. They just need to be “told” what to do. And just tiny bits of code do exactly that, flipping switches on or off as required, based on cues like orientation, chemical gradients, and proximity.

Now a quick read of the links above will explain it all, but I’ll press on anyway. Out of that initial programming arises our ‘germ layers’, the mesoderm, the ectoderm and the endoderm. We are, after all, triploblastic. 3 layers, get it?

But you knew that.

In case you didn’t, these layers in effect give you a scaffold or more accurately perhaps a tube comprising an inside, outside, and a middle. Where your cells are hanging out in that tube matters, in that they pick up on their location and auto-magically become functionally relevant to that space. In a sense, I mean. Refer back to location, location, location.

Just knowing that pattern of proximity, gradients, and orientation more than simply sets the scene. Whether you work forwards or backwards from there, you will hopefully see that these “germ layers” derive quite simply from a much earlier differentiation, and then complexify. In that sense you have your answer - a complex set of diverse cell types arises by differentiation from an earlier, simpler differentiation. Which sounds a bit clunky when I write it out, but it gives a general idea.

So how does this complicated process happen?

Well, as I mentioned chemical gradients are probably to blame here. And it actually starts before fertilisation, in that the egg itself is already semi-structured and bathed in chemicals with a high-low gradient of some sort. In that sense it’s giving cellular differentiation a head start (there’s a pun there), by setting up some sort of polarity from the beginning. At the very least we get some ends happening, or a top and a bottom if you like.

Now, again simplifying things enormously, your average fertilised egg, or zygote, has by definition a complete set of your DNA ready and waiting, which contains the code for every protein-making gene, plus transcription factors, plus whatever else gets copied for various reasons, including those we haven’t teased out as yet.

Note that those transcription factors really matter. We may have around 20,000 protein-expressing genes, but we also have some 1,500 transcription factors that seem to switch the genes on, off, or arguably and effectively somewhere in between. Well, they work in combination and by that we get a huge amount of variation in expression, and thus our cellular diversity as well.

And all of that DNA goodness is sitting in that zygote, bathed in chemicals that may vary very slightly from top to bottom and side to side as it were, by concentration and by other traits, like temperature. Several such things interact, including orientation and proximity to neighbours, but let’s assert (based on experiments) that the gradient is important, and that it continues to guide the “differentiation” process as new cells are born.

Which is to say that by this process of reading the DNA and expressing only the genes that are switched on by the helpful and gradient-sensitive (say) transcription factors, we get set up to form those 3-D axes and the scaffolding that will guide our cellular replication strategy. Which then produces a result that with each round of replication becomes subtly different and more diverse. Over time the subtlety gives way to more recognisable layers and specialisation in function.

Perhaps not the neatest, clearest explanation but the quickest and least baffling one I can come up with right now. As always, read the links to get a better grasp.

Answer:

During the development of an organism, cells differentiate into many distinct cell types. How does a single fertilized egg cell develop into so many different types of specialized cells? ... They both cannot produce all cells. Multipotent- limited to replacing cells in the tissue where they are found.

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FOR EXAMPLE: THE TYPE OF HEAT TRANSFER IS RADIATION BECAUSE...

*I ALREADY WROTE THE TYPE OF TRANSFER DOWN I JUST NEED EXPLANATIONS*


1.) Candle - The type of heat transfer here is radiation because...


2.) Tea Kettle & Mugs - The type of heat transfer here is conduction/convection because...


3.) Lamp - The type of heat transfer here is radiation because...



7.) Toaster - The type of heat transfer here is conduction/convection/radiation because...


9.) Radiator/Heater - The type of heat transfer here is radiation because...

TRUE or FALSE: Dolphins are found in tropical areas, highly developed
swimmers and have highly advanced echolocation. *
True
False

Provide an explanation for why the indigo dye did not adhere to the different fibers in your test fabric. You will need to do a little bit of outside research on what chemicals make up some of the fibers. You may also need to do some research on intermolecular forces and why some interactions are stronger than others. Please make your explanation at least 500 words in two or more paragraphs. At least one in-text citation is required along with a list of your source(s) in your preferred citation style (MLA, APA, ACS, Chicago Style, etc.).

What percent of energy is transferred from the sun to the level indicated? (3 points)
50 percent
100 percent
90 percent
10 percent

The modern cell theory doesn't say

A all living things are multicellular

B cells are the smallest living unit in all organisms

C all cells come from other cells

D all living things are made of cells

The process of mitosis deals with?
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Burning fossil fuels for energy releases harmful emissions into the air. Which health concern is most likely related to these emissions?
A) Increases in blood cancers such as leukemia
B) Increases in skin disorders from absorption
C) Increases in respiratory illnesses such as asthma
D) Increases in digestive disorders from contaminated food

What are four economically important sediment resources?

Which of the following best explains why the biosphere is a key component of the Earth’s systems?
a.
The biosphere is a key component of the Earth’s systems because it is a common concept to many disciplines in science.
b.
The biosphere is a key component of the Earth’s systems because the seasonal cycles directly affect primary productivity.
c.
The biosphere is a key component of the Earth’s systems because it helps drive the other systems by interacting with and exchanging matter and energy with the other spheres.
d.
The biosphere is a key component of the Earth’s systems because it has evolved to create the chemical composition of the planet we know today.


Please select the best answer from the choices provided

A
B
C
D

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Which animal will use a hollowed-out tree stump as a home?
O A) a beaver
OB) a bear
OC) an eagle
OD) a rabbit

True or False: Just one change in the sequence of nucleotides or bases in DNA can change the code.

We have come to know that the primary component of the plasma membrane is the phospholipid. What makes these molecules so unique and the perfect building block for a bilayer is ...

Group of answer choices

a phospholipid has both polar and nonpolar regions

a phospholipid is able to firmly attach to the neighboring phospholipid

all choices are correct

a phospholipid is both positively and negatively charged

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If the mother's actual genotype is IA i and the father's blood type is IB i, what is the probability of their child having AB blood?

which one contains many organelles with different functions prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell​

difference between chlorenchyma and parenchyma​

Of the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum listed below, which has the shortest wavelength?
A.
visible light
B.
infrared radiation
C.
radio waves
D.
X-rays

PLSS HELP

Look at the picture and answer the question(s) that follow.

Which of these strata are MOST likely the oldest?
-J and E
-K
-A and F
-D and E

Explain why the cell membrane is the brain of the cell, as opposed to the nucleus.

Drag each statement into the appropriate bin depending on whether the event occurs in the lumen of the small intestine, in a small intestine epithelial cell, or in a lacteal.
a) Lipase breaks triglycerides down into monoglycerides and fatty acids.
b) Monoglycerides and fatty acids are reassembled to form triglycerides.
c) Chylomicrons are transported in this structure to veins.
d) This structure contains lymph.
e) Chylomicrons leave this structure by exocytosis.
f) Triglycerides are coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins to form chylomicrons.

DeShawn wants to conduct a scientific study on how land-clearing in his city may have affected the quality of the water. Which source of information would be most valuable to his research? A. a survey given to the people of the city ten years ago on the possible effects of land-clearing on water B. the opinion of a neighbor who has some knowledge on how to test city water for impurities C. a recent city government report with data regarding how clean the water supply is D. a recent political article stating that the water of the city should be filtered and cleaned Reset Next Question

Union of haploid and diploid gamete results in a zygote that is

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The table below shows the number of rabbits living in an area of forest over 4 different generations. The table also breaks down their population size by fur color. Which statement below gives the best explanation of this data?

image link: https://imagebank.illuminateed.com/imagebank/1357110

If air pollution increases enough to begin reducing the amount of solar radiation to
reach the surface of the earth,
A. the ocean's thermocline would be directly affected
B. the salinity of the surface of the ocean would not be affected
C. the ocean would no longer be layered
D. more oxygen could be stored in the ocean

What is true of all body cells except sex cells?


Each cell type carries chromosomes and genes that identify it as that specific type of cell. For example, skin cells have different chromosomes and genes than muscle cells.


While each cell in the body contains the same number of chromosomes, each cell type has different genes along those chromosomes.


While each cell type in the body contains the same kinds of genes, they are organized on different chromosomes depending on the cell type.


Each body cell contains the same number and kinds of chromosomes for that organism. The chromosomes contain the same number and kinds of genes for that individual.

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Is hydrogen an atom or molecule

Show a competition between organisms in this food chain below
HELP ASAP PLZ!!!!

A student had medical testing and discovered that her white blood cell count is lower
than normal. Which of her systems are most likely functioning improperly?
A. nervous and immune
O B. circulatory and urinary
O C. circulatory and immune
O D. nervous and respiratory

The image above depicts a triangular piece of land, ACD, with two roads, segments BE and CF, cutting across the property. The owner wishes to add a fence along segment BC. The entire triangular piece of land is an isosceles triangle in which sides AC and CD both equal 9 miles. Segment CF represents the perpendicular bisector of the 13 mile-long base. If triangles BKC and FKE, formed from the intersection of the two roads, are congruent and segment AE is equal to side CD, what is the length of segment BC?

Select one:
A. 2.5 miles
B. 3.0 miles
C. 3.5 miles
D. 4.0 miles