When cystic fibrosis results from the misfolding of proteins that never get the chance to properly insert into the membranes of lung epithelial cells and perform their function, this generally referred to as a protein folding disorder or a protein misfolding disease.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which encodes a chloride channel that regulates the movement of salt and water in and out of cells. When the CFTR protein is improperly folded, it is unable to properly insert into the membranes of lung epithelial cells and perform its function, leading to the characteristic symptoms of cystic fibrosis, such as thick and sticky mucus buildup in the lungs, which can lead to infections, lung damage, and respiratory failure.
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Classify each protein example according to its highest level of protein structure.
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
1) the amino acid sequence of myoglobin
2) a single helical chain of collagen
3) a single hemoglobin subunit with heme
4) hemoglobin
Primary structure: amino acid sequence of myoglobin ; Secondary structure: single helical chain of collagen ; Tertiary structure: single hemoglobin subunit with heme and Quaternary structure: hemoglobin (a combination of multiple subunits, each with its own tertiary structure)
What is meant by protein structure?To reiterate, primary structure of protein is defined as the sequence of amino acids linked together to form polypeptide chain and each amino acid is linked to next amino acid through peptide bonds created during protein biosynthesis process.
Protein structure is three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in amino acid-chain molecule. Proteins are polymers formed from sequences of amino acids, the monomers of polymer.
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drugs that block the beta-one adrenergic receptors will drugs that block the beta-one adrenergic receptors will decrease the end-systolic volume. increase cardiac output. decrease heart rate. increase heart rate. increase contractility.
drugs that block the beta-one adrenergic receptors will decrease rate of heart beat.
What are Beta-blockers?Beta-blockers are drugs that help lessen the strain on the heart and blood vessels. Additionally, they can aid in the treatment of several disorders such as tremor, anxiety, and migraine.
Beta-blockers are typically prescribed by doctors to treat heart-related symptoms like angina and excessive blood pressure. they stop the action of hormones like adrenaline that operate on the nervous system. They assist in preventing the stress reaction known as "fight-or-flight" by accomplishing this.
Hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline get the body's muscles ready for work. This is an essential component of recognizing danger.
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plates that have only ampicillin-resistant bacteria growing include which of the following
Bacteria without the bla gene are killed by ampicillin. The ampicillin-containing plates will only support the growth of bacteria that have the pGLO plasmid, which is where the bla gene is located.
On the pGLO plasmid is where the GFP gene is found.
Why does one type of bacteria thrive on the ampicillin plates while another does not?There won't be any bacterial growth on the LB/Amp plate if the bacterium lacks the plasmid since the plasmid is required for the bacterium to grow in the presence of the antibiotic ampicillin.
Why is the ampicillin-resistant cell population in the plus DNA plate?Due to the gene's presence, all transformed cells are now ampicillin resistant. On the LB+ plate, place 100 microliters of the + cells, and on the LB- plate, the remaining cells. Use a clean spreading rod to disperse the cells right away.
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Which is thought to be the first macromolecule found in protocells?
(A.) DNA
(B.) RNA
(C.) Proteins
(D.) Carbohydrates
The protocell has at least two RNA replicates, each of which is capable of producing an identical copy of itself therefore, option b is the right choice.
The vesicle membrane expands in size concurrently with the replication of RNA thanks to the addition of fatty acids that result from micelle collisions. A protocell is a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids that is postulated as a stepping stone toward the creation of life. Other names for protocells are protobionts and protocells.
The question of how simple protocells first came into existence and how they could differ in their reproductive output is one of the most important questions in the study of evolution. This allows for the accumulation of new biological emergencies over the course of time, also known as biological evolution. Even while a laboratory version of a functional protocell has not yet been created, the objective of fully comprehending the process looks to be within striking distance.
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10. Use the data from the table to create a line graph of the bacteria
population over time.
Time
(in minutes)
0
52
104
156
208
260
312
Number of
Lactococcus
lactis Cells
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
The independent variable in the experiment is the time that have been taken.
What is the independent variable?The independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated or changed in an experiment or study. It is considered the "cause" in the relationship being investigated and its effects are measured through the dependent variable.
We can see that as the time is changing so the number of the bacteria is changing the fore this is the independent variable in the experiment that is taking place here.
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What is the relationship between rough endoplasmic reticulum ER and lysosomes?
The lysosome enzymes are produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The production of lysosomal enzymes takes place in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
What are lysosomes and what do they do?The digestive system of something like the cell, lysosomes break down materials received from the outside world as well as any unnecessary cell components. They could be used to get rid of unwanted viruses and bacteria.
Where are lysosomes located?Lysosomes are present in every animal cell, however they are mostly found in white circulation cells and many other immune-system supporting cells. White blood cells must ingest more nitrogen than the preponderance of other types of organisms in order to fight off pathogens, parasites, and other external foes.
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in the posterior view, the cubital region is __________ to the carpal region.
In the posterior view, the cubital region is proximal to the carpal region.
Posterior in аnаtomy pertаins to the bаck of the body. When describing а body pаrt, it is either locаted posteriorly or аnteriorly. If one is stаnding in the аnаtomicаl position, posterior refers to the bаck side, so the locаtion of the body pаrt is bаsed on this.
The cubitаl fossа is аn аreа of trаnsition between the аnаtomicаl аrm аnd the foreаrm. It is locаted in а depression on the аnterior surfаce of the elbow joint. It is аlso cаlled the аntecubitаl fossа becаuse it lies аnteriorly to the elbow (Lаtin cubitus) when in stаndаrd аnаtomicаl position.
The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway found on the anterior portion of the wrist. Thus, the cubital region is proximal to the carpal region.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your options were
A. Distal
B. Proximal
C. Medial
D. Superficial
Thus, the correct option is B.
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what would happen if you place your gel in the electrophoresis chamber with the wells containing the DNA next to the red electrode instead of the black?
Placing the DNA wells next to the red electrode instead of the black will result in reverse migration of the DNA in the gel electrophoresis chamber.
In gel electrophoresis, the DNA is separated based on its size and charge by applying an electrical field. The DNA sample is loaded into wells in the gel, and the electrophoresis chamber is connected to a power source.
The black electrode is typically designated as the negative pole, and the red electrode is designated as the positive pole. When an electrical field is applied, the negatively charged DNA molecules will migrate towards the positive electrode (red).
If the wells containing the DNA are placed next to the red electrode instead of the black, the electrical field will be reversed, and the DNA will migrate in the opposite direction, towards the negative electrode (black).
This will result in reverse migration of the DNA in the gel, making it difficult to accurately assess the size and purity of the sample. It is important to follow proper protocol and load the DNA wells next to the black electrode to ensure proper migration of the DNA in the gel electrophoresis chamber.
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Electrophoresis is a method used to separate biological molecules, such as DNA, based on their size and charge. In an electrophoresis chamber, an electric field is applied across a gel matrix containing the sample. The DNA moves through the gel matrix towards the electrode with the opposite charge to its own.
If you were to place your gel in the electrophoresis chamber with the wells containing the DNA next to the red electrode instead of the black, the direction of the electric field would be reversed. The DNA would move in the opposite direction to what was intended and would not separate correctly based on size. This is because the electric field is directed towards the red electrode and the DNA would be moving away from it.
The correct placement of the gel and electrodes is important to ensure that the DNA separates correctly and the results are accurate. The black electrode is typically the anode and is positively charged, while the red electrode is the cathode and is negatively charged. By placing the DNA at the cathode, the negatively charged DNA will move towards the anode and separate based on size as it moves through the gel matrix.
In summary, the correct placement of the gel and electrodes in an electrophoresis chamber is a crucial factor in obtaining accurate results. By placing the gel with the wells containing the DNA next to the red electrode instead of the black, the direction of the electric field would be reversed and the DNA would not separate correctly.
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Answer the following regarding the process of transcription:
Where does this process take place?
What molecule is used as a template in this process?
What specific molecule is created in this process?
how does the change in subunits lead to the protein change in structure
They cover the constitution, evolutionary change, and therefore structural variety and include protein, polymers containing amino acids, nucleic acids, and sequencing of macromolecules that can develop.
Nucleic acids are what?Large macromolecules called nucleic nucleotides are necessary for all organisms and viruses to function. The preservation and expression of genetic data is a key role of nucleic acids. The knowledge cells require to build proteins is encoded in deoxyribonucleic, or DNA.
What use do nucleic acids serve?Genetic information is carried by dna molecules, oligonucleotides (DNA), and polynucleotides (RNA), which are read by cells to create the RNA and structures that allow living organisms to function. This documentation may be duplicated and transmitted to the following generation thanks to the DNA double helix, which is a well-known arrangement.
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Homeotic genes control
the genes that tell
organisms how to develop.
What is significant about
the homeotic genes?
A. They control development genes by
following the exact same set of
instructions for all organisms.
B. They control all genes from
beginning to end for all organisms.
C. They control developmental genes
by following instructions for specific
organisms.
24
Certain body parts or structures have unique identities that are determined by homeotic genes. Therefore, homeotic genes may result in body segments taking on new—and occasionally startling.
Morphologies when they are inactivated or expressed in strange places as a result of mutations.
What do homeotic genes control, and what are they?Any one of a collection of genes known as homeotic genes regulates the pattern of body creation throughout the early stages of animals' embryonic development. These genes produce proteins known as transcription factors that instruct cells to generate different body components.
How do homeotic genes affect how an organism develops?In the hierarchy of genes governing the initial stages of embryonic development in Drosophila, homeotic genes play a key role. They are involved in defining the unique identities of each of the insect's bodily parts.
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what is the primary function of protein in the body?
Answer:
Proteins play several critical roles in the body, but the primary function of proteins is to serve as building blocks for tissues and to perform a variety of biological functions.
Some of the key functions of proteins in the body include:
Structural support: Proteins form the structure of many tissues in the body, such as skin, hair, and nails.
Enzymes: Proteins act as enzymes and catalyze chemical reactions in the body, facilitating metabolic processes.
Hormones: Proteins play a crucial role as hormones, regulating growth and metabolism, and transmitting signals between cells and tissues.
Transport: Proteins are involved in the transport of molecules and ions within the body.
Immune system: Proteins serve as antibodies and help to protect the body from harmful pathogens.
Overall, proteins play a vital role in many functions of the body and are essential for maintaining health and well-being.
Which male hormone provides negative feedback for the secretion of FSH? O ICSH inhibin O GnRH. O ACTH. O inhibin.
The male hormone that provides negative feedback for the secretion of FSH is GnRH.
The secretion of gonadotropins is inhibited by testosterone's feedback mechanism. Exogenous testosterone has been shown to reduce gonadotropin production, and early studies confirmed that LH and FSH pulse frequency is increased in hypogonadal men.
These results are consistent with the hypothesis that testosterone has an inhibiting impact on the secretion of GnRH. In the case of negative feedback, the consequence of the reaction will be to reverse or bring about the opposite of what the original stimulus intended.
The process of insulin creation and release can be used to explain the concept of negative feedback. Because sugars are absorbed from the digestive tract into the bloodstream after a meal, the amount of sugar in the blood will be higher after the meal.
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Levels of Organization: Label the diagram using the following terms.
Organism
Organ system
Atom
Cells
Molecules
Organ
S
Tissue
Level of Organization of living things:
AtomCellsMoleculesTissueOrganOrgan systemOrgan systemCell is the smallest unit of living things.
Tissue is a collection of cells that have the same shape and function.
Organs are groups of tissues that have the same shape and function.
An organ system is a group of several organs that make up a system.
Organisms are a collection of various organ systems that make up life.
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Read the article and use the information to answer the question that follows.
Methods of Classification
Name and describe the three methods of classification used to construct a phylogenetic tree.
Phylogenetic trees are used in evolutionary biology to show and demonstrate the evolutionary links between two or more creatures and to pinpoint the beginnings of all life.
Three classification techniques—phonetics, cladistics, and taxonomy groups—can be used to do this. Three major groupings are represented by the tree's branches: Eukaryota (middle branch, letters j to p), Bacteria (left branch, letters a to I and Archea (right branch, letters q to z). Every letter represents a certain category of species. Cladograms and phylograms are the two primary categories of phylogenetic trees. In contrast to phylograms, which do feature scaled branches, cladograms do not reflect the length of time between generations. Rooted or unrooted cladograms and phylograms are also possible.
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According to fossil records, the horses that lived 50 million years ago were much smaller, weaker and slower than modern horses. Which process is most likely responsible for the changes that have led to the increased size, strength, and speed in horses?.
Natural selection is most likely responsible for the changes that have led to the increased size, strength, and speed in horses.
What do you mean by natural selection?Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations.
Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways.
Natural selection is a simple mechanism that causes populations of living things to change over time. In fact, it is so simple that it can be broken down into five basic steps- Variation, Inheritance, Selection, Time and Adaptation.
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Which of the following is not true regarding metabotropic receptors?
a. The receptor itself is an ion channel that opens upon ligand binding
b. The receptor has one subunit with seven transmembrane domains
c. They are coupled to intracellular G proteins
d. When activated they can stimulate effector enzymes
The statement that is not true regarding metabotropic receptors is Ion channels built into the receptor themselves open in response to ligand binding. The correct answer is option(a).
A metabotropic receptor likewise refers to by one more extensive term G-protein-connected receptor, is a type of membrane receptor that introduces any metabolic steps to harmonize container endeavor. The central nervous system appropriates two types of receptors: metabotropic and ionotropic receptors.
A ligand is an ion or particle, that donates a pair of electrons to the central mineral modicum or ion to form an arrangement complex. The word ligand is from Latin, which wealth is “tie or bind”. Ligands may be anions, cations, and noncommittal particles. Ligands play multiple parts grazing from the managing of the solubility and chance of alive elements all the while NP combining to the post-artificial minimization of surface strength of NPs (necessary for their colloidal security) in addition to the encrypting of NP use.
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Which statement about bacteria is true?
O Bacteria are always harmful.
O Bacteria are large organisms.
O Bacteria are not successful and are becoming endangered.
O There are more bacteria in the world than all other organisms.
Answer:
the last choice is the answer
{there are more bacteria in the world than all other organisms}
• there are more bacteria in the world than all other organisms.
2.1.6 Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size.
Smaller single-celled creatures have a higher surface area per unit volume, which enables them to rely on waste removal and oxygen diffusion to thrive.
What sort of creature is that?A solitary or unique live species that exhibits all the traits of life is often referred to as an organism. These might be an animal, plant, bird, microbe, or even an insect.
Who are the seven living things?Movement, breathing or ventilation, excretion, development, sensitivity, and reproduction are the other six traits of living creatures. While some non-living creatures could exhibit one or several of these traits, only live organisms exhibit all seven traits.
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which theory suggests that aging is the result of unstable oxygen molecules that cause damage to the structure of cells with age? wear-and-tear theory cellular clock theory disengagement theory free radical theory senescence theory
Free extreme hypothesis recommends that maturing is the after-effect of unsound oxygen particles, known as free revolutionaries, that cause harm to the design of cells with age.
Free revolutionaries begin from typical natural cycles like breathing or digestion, as well as outside elements like contamination or bright radiation.
These atoms are profoundly receptive, and when they come into contact with different particles inside cells, they harm or modify the cell's design, prompting the impact of maturing.
The free extreme hypothesis is upheld by research that has laid out a connection between free extreme harm and the maturing system.
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Which of the following conditions is required for a target organ to respond to a particular hormone? The target organ must have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone molecule. The target organ must be the same as the organ that produced the hormone. The target organ must have the opposite mating type of the organ that produced the hormone. all of these Cells in the target organ must modify their plasma membranes to allow the hormone to enter the cytoplasm.
The hormone molecule must be recognised and bound by receptors in the target organ.
What is receptors?Receptors are proteins located on the surface of cells that detect changes in the internal or external environment. They are responsible for initiating a signal transduction pathway, which transmits information from the outside environment to the inside of the cell. Receptors can be either ion channels, which allow ions to pass through them, or G-protein coupled receptors, which are linked to a G-protein that activates a cascade of signaling molecules in the cell. Receptors can be specific for certain molecules, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or environmental molecules. Receptors can also be classified by their location, such as cell surface, intracellular, or nuclear receptors.
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which substance does not promote inflammation kinins pyrogen prostaglandins
substance does not promote inflammation is pyrogen. Pyrogens are substances that have the potential to raise the hypothalamus thermostat's "set point."
As a protective strategy, the body produces inflammation. By identifying and eliminating damaging and alien stimuli, the immune system starts the healing process. Acute or chronic inflammation is a possibility. Acute inflammation can be brought on by bacteria invading the body, trauma-related tissue injury, or toxic substances. As in the case of cellulitis or acute pneumonia, it begins quickly, gets worse quickly, and its symptoms may linger for a few days. The time between acute and chronic inflammation is known as subacute inflammation, and it can last anywhere between two and six weeks. Chronic inflammation is also known as sluggish, long-term inflammation that lasts for a long time—from a few months to years—before subsiding.
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Chromosomes line up randomly during metaphase therefore it is possible for any combination of chromosomes to be passed on from parent to offspring
Independent assortment is the random rearrangement of alleles on chromatin that occurs as a result of homologous pairs standing during metaphase and is a factor in genetic variability.
Because chromosomes line up spontaneously during metaphase, any combination of chromosomes can be transferred from parent to offspring.
In the heterozygous state, one allele dominates the other. Each gamete generated at the end of meiosis should have only one copy of each homologous chromosomal pair.
The homologous chromosomes are placed in the centre of the nucleus during metaphase, with the kinetochores facing opposite poles.
Each set of homologous chromosomes in the cell's centre is oriented arbitrarily. Each creature inherits one allele for each gene from each of its parents.
In rare situations, both parents carry the same allele of a particular gene, making the offspring homozygous for that allele.
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which type of molecule is more likely to quickly pass through a cellular membrane via simple diffusion, polar or non-polar? why? (you may need to use information from your textbook and class discussions to answer this question.)
Because non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar phospholipid tails, they diffuse more easily than polar molecules.
Polarity is a separation of electric charge in chemistry that results in an electric dipole moment with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end in a molecule or its chemical groups.
Because of the difference in electronegativity between the bound atoms, polar molecules must have one or more polar bonds. If the bond dipoles cancel each other out through symmetry, molecules with polar bonds have no molecular polarity.
Polar molecules communicate with one another via dipole-dipole intermolecular interactions and hydrogen bonds. A multitude of physical characteristics, such as surface tension, solubility, and melting and boiling temperatures, are influenced by polarity.
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alcohol fermentation and aerobic respiration are similar in that both processes_____
Alcohol fermentation and aerobic respiration are similar in that both processes glycolysis.
Alcoholic fermentation and aerobic respiration both use glycolysis to generate a net gain of two ATP molecules.
Glycolysis is an anaerobic (without oxygen) mechanism that muscles use to obtain the majority of their energy during hard or extended activity. A very similar process known as alcoholic fermentation is used by yeast cells to obtain energy in anaerobic environments. The chemical conversion of glucose to lactic acid is known as glycolysis. Through this process, adenosine triphosphate, a high-energy phosphate molecule, becomes available for use by cells as energy (ATP). The only difference between glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation is the last step. Pyruvic acid is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide during the alcoholic fermentation process. The byproducts of alcoholic fermentation have been utilized in baking and brewing for ages, lactic acid from glycolysis causes fatigue.
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Michael learns that some genetic variations increase the probability of certain individuals in a population surviving and then reproducing in their environment. Describe and give an example of how a genetic variation might increase survival in a population.
It enables the members of a population to endure and produce offspring with the necessary trait for survival, while those without it will disappear.
What is genetic variation?A population of people with a diversified genetic makeup has a higher chance of surviving than one with a homogeneous genetic makeup.
A population's variation enables certain members to adapt to the shifting environment, and natural selection enables the expression of those advantageous traits to endure.
Therefore, natural genetic variations among members of the same species are referred to as genetic variation.
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____ neutralizes the acidic chyme as it enters the small intestine.
Answer: Bicarbonate neutralizes the acidic chyme as it enters the small intestine.
Explanation: I looked it up + trust me bro
What is an anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it called?
Anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it called organ.
Any biological object that takes up space and stands out from its surrounds is considered to have an anatomical structure. Anatomical structures might be microscopic or macroscopic, as an acrosome or a carpel.
A group of tissues united together to form a structural unit that performs a single function is an organ. Organs are positioned between tissues and organ systems in the hierarchy of life. To work together in a function, tissues are made of cells of the same type. An organ is made up of a variety of tissue types and serves a particular purpose. For instance, epithelium and smooth muscle tissue combine to produce the intestinal wall. An organ system, also known as a biological system or body system, is composed of two or more organs that cooperate to carry out a certain physiological function.
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which organelle contains rna and reads the mrna to synthesize a protein
The organelle contains RNA and reads the mRNA to synthesize a protein in the ribosome.
The cell is mаde up of mаny orgаnelles, some of which аre vitаl to the process of synthesizing proteins. These include the nucleus аnd its DNА, ribosomes, endoplаsmic reticulum (ER) аnd the golgi аppаrаtus (GА).
Ribosomes аre vitаl in the process of trаnslаtion, or using the informаtion provided by mRNА to build а protein. These two-pаrt orgаnelles аre mаde up of rRNА or ribosomаl RNА аnd proteins. The ribosome reаds the mRNА аnd tRNА molecules аdd аmino аcid molecules, building chаins of аmino аcid molecules cаlled polypeptide chаins. This orgаnelle cаn be found in the rough ER or free floаting within the cytoplаsm of the cell.
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peptide bond is a type of covalent bond that could be carried out by which of the following enzymes?
The enzyme that can carry out a peptide bond formation is called peptidyl transferase.
The enzymes that cause the breaking of peptide bonds in proteins are known as proteases or peptididases.
The carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined to the amino group of another to produce a peptide bond, also known as a eupeptide bond. In essence, a peptide link is an amide-type covalent chemical bond. This bond connects two adjacent alpha-amino acids starting at carbon number one (C1) of one and nitrogen number two (N2) of another. This linkage can be discovered along a protein or peptide chain.
The molecules of water (H2O) are released as this bond is being formed. Since the water molecule is removed, a peptide bond is typically a covalent bond (CO-NH bond), and this process is referred to as dehydration. This process typically happens predominantly between amino groups.
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