Culinary Arts and Hospitality I (DOE 7173)

Not, it is not . Some types of archaea, bacteria, and plants/algae that obtain energy through alternative means.

Carbon dioxide is not a required molecule for all living things to survive. Some species of microorganisms, such as certain types of archaea and bacteria, can live in environments that are completely devoid of carbon dioxide. These organisms are known as chemolithotrophs and they obtain their energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules rather than organic molecules. Additionally, some species of plants and algae can also survive without carbon dioxide, by obtaining energy through a process known as heterotrophy.

So, to summarize, not all living things require carbon dioxide to survive, and species that do not require it include some types of archaea, bacteria, and plants/algae that obtain energy through alternative means.

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The chemical reaction in which a hydrocarbon combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat is referred to as hydrocarbon combustion.

Hydrocarbons are molecules that are made up of both hydrogen and carbon. Energy is extracted from fossil fuels by combustion (burning).

Combustion is a chemical reaction in which a material combines quickly with oxygen and produces heat. The initial material is referred to as the fuel, while the supply of oxygen is referred to as the oxidizer.

Combustion is a high-temperature exothermic (heat-releasing) redox (oxygen-adding) chemical process that occurs between a fuel and an oxidant, generally ambient oxygen, to generate oxidized, frequently gaseous products in a mixture known as smoke.

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Equilibrium lies towards the weaker side having weaker base and weaker acid.

Because equilibria favour the reaction side with the lowest-energy species, acid-base reactions will benefit the side with the weakest acids and bases because weak acids and bases have lower energies than strong acids and bases. Typically, a reaction's equilibrium will favour the side with weaker acids and bases.

The equilibrium position will be less than one if the equilibrium concentration of the reactants is greater than the equilibrium concentration of the products. It is said that this equilibrium position lies to the left. The equilibrium position will be greater than one when the equilibrium concentration of the products is greater than the reactant concentration.

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Based on the plate boundaries where the given geologic events occur, Event A represents the creation of mountain ranges and Event B represents volcanic eruption.

The correct option is D.

When two tectonic plates diverge from one another, a divergent boundary results. Along these borders, earthquakes frequently occur and magma (molten rock) rises to the surface where it solidifies to form a new oceanic crust. Divergent plate boundaries include the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

When two or more lithospheric plates collide, the result is a region on Earth known as a convergent boundary, also called a destructive boundary. Eventually, a plate subducts beneath another, a process is known as subduction. The Wadati-Benioff zone, a plane where numerous earthquakes take place, can be used to designate the subduction zone.

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Because they are solid materials, metals typically have regular patterns of tightly packed atoms. Valence electrons can be transported away from their atoms since they are so near to one another.

A lattice of positively charged metal ions is surrounded by a "sea" of free, delocalized electrons. Atoms are closely packed and pre-determinedly ordered in a metal. Metallic bonding: The electrons in the outer shell get delocalized and encircle the positive metal ions. Between them, there is a tremendous electrical attraction. A "sea" of free, delocalized electrons forms around a lattice of positively charged metal atoms when metal atoms are packed closely together in a regular configuration and the valency electrons tend to wander away from their atoms.

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Since hydrogen bonds are merely forces of attraction to the dipoles and not true bonds, they are the weakest. On two atoms that are strongly electronegative in nature and permanently bound to a hydrogen atom.

What kind of bond is weakest, and why?

Dispersion forces are a frequent name for the weakest links. When the electrons in two nearby atoms occupy positions that cause the atoms to temporarily form dipoles, the resulting transient attractive attraction is known as the dispersion force.

Which type of bond—covalent or ionic—is weak?

Ionic bonds typically outweigh covalent connections in strength. Ionic bonds result in a stable composite when all of the electrons between the components are transferred. Covalent bonds only involve the sharing of electrons between two parties.

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At the instant when NO is reacting at the rate of  1.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s,

the rate of the reaction of O₂ is 5.0 * 10⁻³ mol/L/s and rate of the reaction of NO₂ is 1.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s.

The equation of the reaction is given below as follows:

2 NO (g) + O₂ (g) ----> 2 NO₂

The mole ratio of the reaction is given below:

The mole ratio of NO (g) to O₂ (g) is 2 : 1

The mole ratio of NO (g) to NO₂ is 1 : 1

The rate of the reaction or the rate at which NO is reacting is 1.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s:

The rate at which O₂ will be reacting ¹/₂ * 1.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s = 5.0 * 10⁻³ mol/L/s

The rate at which NO₂ will be reacting 1 * 1.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s = 1.0 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s

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During the electrolysis of acidulated water, the water molecules are decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen gas at the electrodes.

Electrolysis is a process where an electric current is passed through a substance to produce a chemical reaction. This process uses electrical energy to break down the chemical bonds in the substance, resulting in the formation of new substances.

In the case of electrolysis of aqueous solutions, the solution is composed of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions). The cations are attracted to the cathode, while the anions are attracted to the anode. At the cathode, cations are reduced, meaning they gain electrons, while at the anode, anions are oxidized, meaning they lose electrons.

In a laboratory setting, the electrolysis of acidulated water (water with added acid) typically involves the use of two electrodes, an anode, and a cathode. During the electrolysis, the water molecules are decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen gas at the electrodes.

At the anode, the electrode where oxidation takes place, water molecules undergo oxidation to release hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen (O2). The hydrogen ions are reduced to form hydrogen gas (H2), which is released at the anode. The standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) of the anode reaction can be represented as:

2H2O (l) → O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e-

At the cathode, the electrode where reduction takes place, hydrogen ions are reduced to form hydrogen gas (H2). The standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) of the cathode reaction can be represented as:

2H+ (aq) + 2e- → H2 (g)

Therefore, During the electrolysis of acidulated water, the water molecules are decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen gas at the electrodes.

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The volume of a 2.5 g block of metal if its density is 4.75 g/cm3 is          0.53 cm3.

What is the meaning of density of metal?

Density of metal is a measure of the mass of a unit volume of a material. It is typically expressed in units of grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). It is an important property of metal as it can be used to determine many characteristics such as strength, malleability, ductility, and electrical conductivity. The density of different metals can vary significantly. For example, the density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm³, iron is 7.87 g/cm³, and lead is 11.34 g/cm³.

mass = 2.5g

D = 4.75 g/cm^3

4.75 g/cm^3 = 2.5g / V

To solve for V, multiply by V on both sides and then divide by 4.75

You get V = 2.5 g / 4.75 g/cm^3

V = .526 cm^3

Therefore, option (A) 0.53 cm3 is the correct answer.

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The assertion is based on the idea that the molecular geometry of water is important for its unique properties that are essential for life.

Water is a polar molecule, meaning that it has a positive and negative end due to the uneven distribution of electrons. The angle between the two hydrogen atoms in the water molecule contributes to the molecular geometry, which in turn determines the polar nature of the molecule. This polarity is responsible for many of water's unique properties, such as its high heat capacity, its ability to dissolve ionic and polar substances, and its high surface tension.

These properties are essential for life as we know it because they allow cells to regulate their internal environment, transport nutrients and waste, and maintain their shape and integrity. In addition, water's ability to dissolve ionic and polar substances makes it an ideal medium for chemical reactions, which are the basis of cellular metabolism and other biological processes.

In conclusion, the molecular geometry of water, including the angle between the two hydrogen atoms, is critical for the unique properties of water that are essential for life as we know it. If the angle between the hydrogen atoms was 180 degrees, water would have a different molecular geometry, which would result in different properties and potentially make life as we know it impossible.

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One mole of Cobalt weighs 58.93319 grams, so 397.14 grams of Cobalt is approximately 6.77 moles.

To find the number of moles in a given mass of a substance, we use the formula:

moles = mass / molar mass

The molar mass of Cobalt is 58.93319 g/mol.

So, using the above formula:

moles = 397.14 g / 58.93319 g/mol = 6.77 moles

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The thalidomide catastrophe led to stricter rules for medication approval in numerous nations. Thalidomide is a racemic combination of the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers and exists in two mirror-image forms. The (S)-isomer is teratogenic, whereas the (R)-enantiomer has sedative properties.

Enantiomer theory enters the picture at this point. The thalidomide molecule can be found in two different forms in nature, (R)-thalidomide and (S)-thalidomide, which are enantiomers, or molecules that are mirror images of one another.

While the (S)-form is a teratogen, an agent that can result in birth abnormalities, the (R)-form possesses therapeutic qualities.

Therefore, It is extremely difficult and dangerous to isolate pure (R)- thalidomide because the two enantiomers of the drug regularly interconvert in the body to create a mixture that contains both enantiomers.

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Answer:

753 torr.

Explanation:

The pressure at the ground can be calculated using the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature.

First, we'll find n by using the fact that the number of moles is constant, n1V1 = n2V2. We'll use the ideal gas law to solve for P on the ground:

P = (nRT) / V = (n * R * (24 + 273.15) * 22.9) / 22.9 = (n * R * 297.15) / 22.9

Plugging in the initial values from the high altitude, we have:

n = (38.1 * 471) / (R * (0 + 273.15)) = (38.1 * 471) / (8.31 * 273.15)

So, finally:

P = (n * R * 297.15) / 22.9 = (38.1 * 471 * 8.31 * 297.15) / (22.9 * 273.15) = 753 torr

The pressure on the ground is 753 torr.

Limestone Rock contains fossils reacts with hcl acid chemically formed (non-clastic)

Limestone, the most prevalent non-clastic sedimentary rock, is formed primarily through this biochemical extraction and secretion. Calcite (CaCO3), a close sibling of dolomite (CaMgCO3), makes up the majority of limestone's composition. Clastic and chemical are the two basic classifications of sedimentary rock. Clastic or detrital sedimentary rocks are composed mostly of sediment and bedrock fragments that have undergone mechanical weathering. Additionally, chemically weathered sediment may be found in clastic rocks. By sorting, grain size, and shape, clastic rocks are categorised. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved minerals are dissolved in water. Chemical rocks are categorised mostly based on the minerals that make up the rock.

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The O-O bond's bond enthalpy is 495 kJ/mol.The bond enthalpies of the two O-O bonds are added to determine the enthalpy change of O2 dissociation (g). The breakdown of O2 (g) into two O atoms is described by the equation above.

The total bond enthalpies of the two O-O bonds, which equal -641 kJ/mol, represent the enthalpy change of O2 dissociation (g). The O-O bond's bond enthalpy is 495 kJ/mol, according to the table of bond enthalpies above.

This amount of energy is necessary to rupture one O-O bond in O2 (g). The energy needed to break both O-O bonds in O2 (g) is known as the enthalpy change of dissociation. As a result, the enthalpy change of O2 dissociation (g) is twice as high.

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The passage of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions through the cell membrane is what causes and sustains the action potential in a neuron.

Because there is a large concentration of K+ ions and a low concentration of Na+ ions inside the neuron while it is at rest, the inside of the cell has a negative charge compared to the exterior. An electrical signal opens the sodium ion channels in the neuron, allowing Na+ ions to enter the cell and produce an influx of positively charged ions. This shift in charge, known as depolarization, causes additional sodium channels to open and more potassium channels to close, further depolarizing the cell.

Eventually, the cell reaches its threshold for an action potential and generates an all-or-nothing electrical signal that travels along the neuron. After the signal has passed, potassium channels open, and potassium ions flow out of the cell, repolarizing the cell and resetting it to its resting state.

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To determine the number of moles of PCl₅ in 0.17 g of PCl₅, we need to use the molar mass of PCl₅. From this, there are approximately 0.000816 moles of PCl₅ in 0.17 g of PCl5.

The molar mass of PCl₅ can be calculated by summing the atomic masses of its constituent elements: phosphorus (P) and chlorine (Cl).

Molar mass of PCl₅:

P: 1 atom × atomic mass of P = 1 × 30.97 g/mol = 30.97 g/mol

Cl: 5 atoms × atomic mass of Cl = 5 ×35.45 g/mol = 177.25 g/mol

Total molar mass of PCl₅ = 30.97 g/mol + 177.25 g/mol = 208.22 g/mol

Now, we can calculate the number of moles using the given mass and molar mass:

Number of moles = Mass / Molar mass

Number of moles = 0.17 g / 208.22 g/mol

Calculating the value:

Number of moles ≈ 0.000816 moles

Therefore, there are approximately 0.000816 moles of PCl₅ in 0.17 g of PCl₅.

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The mass of the Cu(NO₃)₂ would we need to make the 450.0 mL of a 0.750 M solution is 61.8 g.

The molarity of the Cu(NO₃)₂ =0.750 M

The volume of the Cu(NO₃)₂ = 450.0 mL = 0.450 L

The molarity expression is as :

Molarity = moles / volume

Moles = molarity × volume

Moles = 0.750 × 0.450

Moles = 0.33 mol

The moles = mass / molar mass

The mass of the Cu(NO₃)₂  = moles × molar mass

The mass of the Cu(NO₃)₂ = 0.33 × 187.5

The mass of the Cu(NO₃)₂ = 61 .8 g

thus, the mass of Cu(NO₃)₂  is 61.8 g.

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The correct response is d. It is not allowed to be using the helps to keep track of quantum numbers: n = 3, l - 3, ml = -2, and ms = -1/2.

The energy the energetic status of an asteroid's electron is represented by quantum numbers. The figures represent the energy, magnetic moment, angular moment, and spin of an electron.

Quantum numbers refer to the collection of digits used to express the location and energy of an electron within an atom. Quantum numbers come in four varieties: primary, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin general formula. Quantum numbers provide the value of the preserved quantities in a quantum system.

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The most helpful information in the table for determining whether the powder is pure NaCl is the percent purity.

This indicates the amount of pure NaCl in the sample relative to any other substances present. Additionally, the particle size and melting point of the sample can also be used to determine whether the powder is pure NaCl or not.

These tests can provide additional evidence that the powder is pure NaCl. It is also important to note that the presence of impurities can affect the particle size, melting point, and solubility of the sample, so these tests can help determine if the powder contains any impurities.

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(1) Bromination, (2) E2 elimination, and (3) epoxidation is formed by 1,2‑epoxycyclopentane from bromocyclopentane by dragging the appropriate formulas into the bin.

Step 1: Bromocyclopentane is reacted with hydrobromic acid and silver oxide to produce 1,2‑dibromocyclopentane.

Step 2: 1,2‑dibromocyclopentane is then reacted with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, to produce 1,2‑epoxycyclopentane.

Step 3: Finally, the 1,2‑epoxycyclopentane is reacted with aqueous acid to form 1,2‑epoxycyclopentane.

Bromocyclopentane responds with sodium methoxide to frame tertiary liquor, sulfated with sulfuric acid, then treated with base to yield 1,2-epoxy cyclopentane.

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Answer:

The pressure change when a constant volume of gas is heated can be determined using the ideal gas law, which states that PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant and T is the temperature in kelvins.

Since the volume is constant, we can assume that the change in pressure is proportional to the change in temperature, so we can use the equation:

ΔP = (nRT2 - nRT1) / V

where ΔP is the change in pressure, T2 is the final temperature, and T1 is the initial temperature.

To convert from degrees Celsius to kelvins, add 273.15 to the temperature in degrees Celsius. So, for an initial temperature of 30.0°C, T1 = 30.0 + 273.15 = 303.15 K. And for a final temperature of 40.0°C, T2 = 40.0 + 273.15 = 313.15 K.

Plugging in the values, we have:

ΔP = (nRT2 - nRT1) / V = (n * R * 313.15 - n * R * 303.15) / V = (R * 10) / V = R * 10 / V

The pressure change can be found by multiplying the result by the initial pressure:

ΔP = R * 10 / V * P1 = (8.31 J/mol * K) * 10 / V * 2.00 atm = 16.62 / V atm

The exact pressure change will depend on the volume of the gas, but since the volume is constant, the pressure change will always be equal to 16.62 / V atm.

Explanation:

The molar mass of acetic acid (CH₃COOH) can be calculated by adding up the atomic masses of its constituent atoms. It is found out to be 60 g/mol.

The molar mass of a compound is the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms it is comprised of. It gives the amount of substance present in 1 mole of the compound.

The atomic masses of atoms comprising a molecule of acetic acid are as follows:

Carbon (C) - 12 g/mol

Hydrogen (H) - 1 g/mol

Oxygen (O) - 16 g/mol

Therefore, substituting the values of the constituent atoms, we get the molar mass of acetic acid as:

Molar mass of acetic acid (CH₃COOH) = (2 × atomic mass of C) + (4 × atomic mass of H) + (2 × atomic mass of O)

= (2×12) + (4×1) + (2×16)

= 24 + 4 + 32 = 60 g/mol

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Find the atom's atomic number if you need to write the electron configurations for an atom of any element. When dealing with charged atoms, you should add one electron for every negative charge and take away one for every positive charge. Enter the electron configuration to show the atom's total number of electrons, broken down into orbital sets.

A numerical depiction of an atom's electron orbitals is called the electron configuration. The variously shaped areas surrounding an atom's nucleus known as electron orbitals are where electrons are predicted to exist mathematically. A reader can quickly and easily learn from an electron configuration both how many electron orbitals an atom has and how many electrons are present in each of those orbitals. You'll be able to construct your own configurations and ace those chemistry exams after you comprehend the fundamental ideas behind electron configuration.

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The IR (Infrared) wavenumbers and wavenumber ranges are important in the study of molecular vibrations and chemical analysis. The six important IR wavenumbers/wavenumber ranges are: 4000-3000 cm^-1 (yellow)

This wavenumber range is associated with the bending vibrations of O-H and N-H bonds in organic compounds, as well as the stretching vibrations of C-H bonds. The fingerprint region is also present in this range, where the majority of the peaks observed are due to the combination and overtone vibrations of functional groups.

3000-2800 cm^-1 (orange)

This wavenumber range is associated with the stretching vibrations of C-H bonds in alkanes and alkenes. This region is also known as the methylene stretching region.

2800-2400 cm^-1 (green)

This wavenumber range is associated with the stretching vibrations of C-H bonds in aromatic compounds and the bending vibrations of C-H bonds in aliphatic compounds. The peaks in this region are typically broader and less intense than the peaks in the previous regions.

1700-1500 cm^-1 (blue)

This wavenumber range is associated with the C=O stretching vibrations in carboxylic acids and esters, as well as the N-H bending vibrations in amines. This region is also known as the carbonyl stretching region.

1300-1000 cm^-1 (purple)

This wavenumber range is associated with the stretching vibrations of C-O bonds in alcohols and ethers, as well as the bending vibrations of N-H bonds in amides. This region is also known as the C-O stretching region.

1000-400 cm^-1 (red)

This wavenumber range is associated with the stretching vibrations of the skeleton and bending vibrations of functional groups in organic compounds. The peaks in this region are typically weaker and broader than the peaks in the previous regions.

It's important to note that these wavenumber ranges and associated vibrations are just a general guide and actual peaks may differ based on the specific compound being analyzed.

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The rules for naming polyatomic ions and to ensure that the total positive and negative charges in the compound balance each other out.

When naming ionic compounds, parentheses are used to indicate the charge of a polyatomic ion. A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms that have a net charge and act as a single unit in a chemical compound. The charge of a polyatomic ion is indicated by a superscript following the ion's name, with a positive charge denoted by a "+" sign and a negative charge denoted by a "-" sign.

For example, consider the ionic compound sodium nitrate, which has the chemical formula NaNO3. Sodium nitrate contains the nitrate ion (NO3-), which is a polyatomic ion with a negative charge. In the name of the compound, the charge of the nitrate ion is indicated by parentheses: sodium nitrate (NO3-).

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The quantity in mole of carbon tetrafluoride are present is 0.84 moles CF₄

The simplest perfluorocarbon is tetrafluoromethane, sometimes referred to as carbon tetrafluoride or R-14 (CF₄). Tetrafluoromethane, as its IUPAC name suggests, is the perfluorinated equivalent of the hydrocarbon methane. It is also a haloalkane or halomethane, respectively. In addition to being a helpful refrigerant, tetrafluoromethane also a strong greenhouse gas. The carbon-fluorine bond's makeup gives it a very high bond strength.

To calculate mole of carbon tetrafluoride first we should  write the valance reaction equation

 C    +   2F₂ →   CF₄  

From the give reaction we know that 1 mole of C requires 2 moles of F₂ to produce 1 mole of CF₄.

1. 68 moles of C will produce= 1/2 x 1.68 moles = 0.84 moles CF₄

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The general properties of acids are:

What are the 3 most important acids?

1. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

2. Nitric acid (HNO3)

3. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

Acids typically have a sour taste, react with metals to produce hydrogen gas, react with bases to produce salts and water, are corrosive to many materials, have a pH lower than 7, and can donate protons (H+ ions). Metals react with acids to produce hydrogen gas because the hydrogen ions in the acid replace some of the metal ions in the metal, thus forming hydrogen gas. Acids react with bases to produce salts and water as a result of the reaction between the hydrogen ions in the acid and the hydroxide ions in the base. Acids have a pH lower than 7 because the hydrogen ions in the acid increase the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution. Finally, acids can donate protons (H+ ions) because the hydrogen ions in the acid can be released from the acid and transferred to another molecule.

Therefore, Acids are sour in taste, Metals react with acids to produce hydrogen gas, Acids react with bases, and Acids have a pH lower than 7.

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Activation energy is defined as the energy difference between the reactant and the maximum in the energy profile diagram.

From the graph, it is clear that Path 1 is at higher energy than path 2. Which implies that we need to provide more energy to the reactant in order to cross the energy barrier of path 1 as compared to path 2. Therefore, the reaction will occur through path 2 where less amount of energy will be used in order to overcome activation energy barrier.

As soon as this energy barrier is crossed, the reaction can occur easily to form product.

The given question is incomplete so the I have answered according to general knowledge.

The diagram of the path is attached in the image given below.

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