Punnett squares represent the possible genotypes of the offspring according to the parental's gamete combinations. The number of gametes depend on the number of alleles and traits considered. A) New rows and columns were added to the square because each parent contributed with four types of gametes (4 rows and 4 columns). B) The square would be constructed with eight rows and eight columns.
What is a Punnett square?
The Punnett square is a graphic representation that shows the different types of gamete combinations according to the alleles involved in a cross.
Punnett squares are composed of columns and rows in which all the different potential gametes are placed.
columns represent one of the parental gametes, and rows represent the other parental's gametes.The intersection between each column and row suggests a possible genotype among the offspring.
The number of columns and rows will depend on the number of genes involved in the cross. We can use the formula 2ⁿ to figure out how many gametes are possible (2 is the number of alleles, and n is the number of genes). Assuming diallelic genes,
If we consider only one gene, two types of gametes are possible (2¹). If we consider two genes, four types of gametes are possible (2²). If we consider three genes, eight types of gametes are possible (2³)
Punnett squares shows the probabilities of getting offspring with different genotypes and their consequent phenotypes.
In the exposed example, we need to compare a punnett square in which we consider only one gene with a punnett square in wich two genes are considered.
From activity 4: Punnett square
Cross: Purple with yellow
Parentals) PP x pp
Gametes) P P p p
Punnett square)
P P
p Pp Pp
p Pp Pp
F1) 100% purple kernels, Pp.
Cross: Heterozygous purple kernels from F1
Parentals) Pp x Pp
Gametes) P p P p
Punnett square)
P p
P PP Pp
p Pp pp
F2) 75% Purple (PP + Pp) and 1/4 yellow kernels (pp)
In these crosses, we only consider one diallelic gene that expresses complete dominance.
Punnett squares are composed of two columns and two rows in which both types of gametes are located.
Now, we need to consider two genes (P and S), which means four alleles are involved and four type of gametes are possible.
Cross: Between two dihybrid individuals
Parentals) PpSs x PpSs
Gametes) PS, Ps, pS, ps PS, Ps, pS, ps
Punnett square)
PS Ps pS ps
PS PPSS PPSs PpSS PpSs
Ps PPSs PPss PpSs Ppss
pS PpSS PpSs ppSS ppSs
ps PpSs Ppss ppSs ppss
F1)
9/16 individuals are expected to express both dominant traits (PPSS, PpSS, PPSs, PpSs)3/16 individuals are expected to express only one dominant trait (PPss, Ppss)3/16 individuals are expected to express the other dominant trait (ppSS, ppSs) 1/16 individuals are expected to express both recessive traits (ppss)Now, we need to compare Punnett squares from activity 4 (one trait) with this new Punnett square (two traits), and answer the questions,
A. How did you need to change the punnet square to consider two traits?
Since we consider two traits, we need to add rows and columns according to the possible gametes. The new punnett square must have four columns and four rows (2ⁿ = 2² = 4).
Remember that all the possible gametes depend on the number of possible allelic combinations.
B. How would you need to change the punnet square if you were to consider three traits?
If we consider three traits, we need to construct a Punnett square with eight columns and eight rows (2ⁿ = 2³ = 8).
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Studying the anatomy of different organisms allows scientists to determine how different species have evolved over time. Which type of anatomic structure are bird wings and butterfly wings when compared to each other?
Answer:
Analogous structures
If a monohybrid cross is done with a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive, what will be the genotypes of the F1 and F2 generation?
Let's say trait for Tallness of Pea Plants and a cross between a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive.
What will be the genotypes of the F1 and F2 generation?If a monohybrid cross is done with a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive, than the genotypes of the F1 and F2 generation
PARENT (P)
GENOTYPES: PHENOTYPES:
Homozygous dominant: TT Tall
Homozygous recessive: tt Short
F1 GENERATION TT x tt
GENOTYPE: PHENOTYPE:
Heterozygous: Tt Tall
F2 GENERATION Tt x Tt
GENOTYPES: PHENOTYPES:
TT Tall
Tt Tall
tt Short
Therefore, Let's say trait for Tallness of Pea Plants and a cross between a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive.
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Describe the structure of a fibrous joint and give an example of where this occurs in the body.
Thinking about the types of chemical
bonds, would you rather be in a relationship
that is more similar to an ionic bond or more
similar to a covalent bond? Explain your choice.
Ionic bonds are preferred as they are stronger than covalent bonds.
Why Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds?Ionic bonds result in a stable composite when all of the electrons between the components are transferred. While two elements only share electrons to form a stable molecule in a covalent bond.
Electrostatic force and Van Der Waals force are the forces that keep ions together and covalently linked elements together, respectively.
Cations and anions are created as a result of the complete transfer of electrons in ionic connections. As a result, these ions are attracted to one another strongly by electrostatic forces.
The Van Der Waal's force that exists between two covalently bonded elements is weaker than the electrostatic force because covalently bonded components only share electrons.
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The fossil of S. crassirostris was found in limestone that formed in a warm sea-
water lagoon. What could you infer were the feeding habits and food of this
animal? Explain your answer.
The location of the fossil of S. crassirostris suggests that they might have eaten similar to modern-day "skimmers," a rare breed of shorebirds from the genus Rynchops that flies over still bodies of water and uses its submerged lower jaw to scoop up small fish and crustaceans.
What are Feeding Habits?The term "feeding habit" can apply to both the type of food that an animal consumes and the manner in which it obtains it.
Fossils are any surviving remains, impressions, or evidence of a once-living thing from a previous geological epoch. Examples include exoskeletons, bones, shells, animal or microbe imprints in stone, items preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, and DNA traces.
An example is the fossil of S. crassirostris was found in limestone that formed in a warm sea-water lagoon.
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what is chromosomes
Answer:
a chrosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chrosomes.
Chromosomes are structures formed by a DNA molecule associated with protein molecules. In prokaryotic cells, we observe a circular chromosome; in eukaryotes, chromosomes are linear and located inside the nucleus.
Which is one of the primary goals of the Human Genome Project?
The Human Genome Project had several goals, including:
Determining the complete sequence of the human genomeIdentifying and mapping all of the genes in the human genomeDeveloping new technologies for genome mapping and sequencingProviding the data and tools necessary for researchers to study the structure, function, and evolution of the human genomeOverall, the primary goal of the Human Genome Project was to increase our understanding of the genetic basis of human health and disease, and to use this knowledge to improve human health.
HOPE IT HELPS!A gardener plants 200 flowering plants of the same species. 98 plants have white (v) flowers and the remaining have violet (V) flowers. What must be the allelic frequency of each type of flower? ( p + q = 1, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1)
A.
violet flowers = 0.55, white flowers = 0.45
B.
violet flowers = 0.62, white flowers = 0.38
C.
violet flowers = 0.3, white flowers = 0.7
D.
violet flowers = 0.49, white flowers = 0.61
The allelic frequency of each type of flower is violet flowers = 0.3, white flowers = 0.7, option C.
What is allelic frequency?The incidence of a gene variant in a population is represented by the allele frequency. The number of times the allele of interest is observed in a population is divided by the total number of copies of all the alleles at that particular genetic locus in the population to calculate the allele frequency and can be expressed as a decimal, a percentage, or a fraction.
To find the allele frequency:
Frequency = 98/200 = p = 0.49 for white (v) flowers
VV - dominant homozygote with violet flowers and with frequency p²
Vv - heterozygote with violet flowers and with frequency 2pq
vv - recessive homozygote with white flowers and with frequency q²
q² = 0.49 = √q² = √0.49 = 0.7
Therefore q in the formula p + q = 1, = p + 0.7 = 1
p = 1 - 0.7 = 0.3
The frequency for violet flowers, p is 0.3 and white flowers, q is 0.7 with substitution method of the "p + q = 1, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1" formula.
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Is it possible for you to find out whether a plant has taproot or fibrous roots by looking at
the impression of its leaf on a sheet of paper? Think and explain the answer.
Answer:
No, it is not possible to determine whether a plant has taproot or fibrous roots by looking at the impression of its leaf on a sheet of paper. This is because the root system of a plant is hidden underground and cannot be seen from the surface. The shape and size of a leaf can provide clues about the type of root system a plant has, but the impression of a leaf on a sheet of paper does not provide enough information to definitively identify the type of root system.
Explanation:
Two objects are described below.
Thing 1: It has a mass measured by a pan balance.
Thing 2: It takes the shape of a container.
Which statement is true?
O Both objects are matter.
O Both objects are non-matter.
O The first object is matter, and the second object is non-matter.
The first object is non-matter, and the second object is matter.
Mass is measured by balance and weight is measured by balance.
Is mass measured by Pan balance?Two pans are located on either side of a lever in the pan balancing scale. To achieve balance and determine the weight of the other thing, weights are placed on one side of the object and on the other side. Typically, the mass is expressed in grammes or kilogrammes.
Because of its practicality and accuracy, comparative weighing is frequently used to compare two things' masses rather than their absolute values. When preparing reagents and stock solutions, a top pan balance is typically used for rough weighing because minor weight differences do not significantly affect the outcome of analysis.
Two pans are integrated into this particular laboratory scale on either side of a lever. It has two separate applications.
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When Thing 1: It has a mass measured by a pan balance. Thing 2: It takes the shape of a container. Then Both objects are matter statement is true.
What is Matter?Any substance with mass and which has volume is considered matter because it occupies space.
Properties of matter:Any characteristics that can be measured, such as an object's density, color, mass, volume, length, malleability, melting point, hardness, odor, temperature, and others, are considered to be part of its properties.Mass:A body's mass is an inherent quality. earlier before the discovery of the atom and particle physics, it was widely considered to be tied to the amount of matter in a physical body.To know more about Matter visit
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If a purchaser enters a futures contract with an agreement to buy a crop for $200 per ton next month, which of the following demonstrates the result of the price rising to $225 at that time?
Responses
The purchaser would still pay only the $200 for the commodity
The purchaser would have the option of cancelling the deal or paying the extra $25 per ton.
The purchaser would be let out of the deal and a new deal would be created.
The purchaser would be required to pay the extra $25 per ton.
Answer:
A futures contract is a legal agreement to buy or sell a particular commodity asset, or security at a predetermined price at a specified time in the future.
With this the answer would be the first option “The purchaser would still pay only the $200 for the commodity” sense it was a predetermined price.
Explanation:
Is iron malleable, ductile, or brittle?
Answer: Iron is both malleable and ductile .
Explanation:. (malleable) because it has the ability to be fold into any shape of material.
. and(ductile) because it is able to be deformed without losing toughness.
What would the genotype be for an orange kitty
Answer:
DNA
Explanation:
In a solution of seawater, salt is which of these?
A. solute
B. compound
C. solvent
D. mixture
What is the probability of tossing a coin and getting heads three times in a row?
What is the chance that the next toss will be heads? What is the chance that the next toss will be tails?
A coin flip has a 50% chance of coming up heads. This is true for every flip of the coin, so if you make it three times, your chances of getting heads are 1/2 * 1/2 * 1/2, or 1/8.
A space might look like this: HHH, HTH, THH, TTH, HHT, HTT, THT, TTT.
There are a total of eight distinct results.
If three heads appear in a row, the likelihood is,
If A, then P(getting three heads) (getting three heads)
= 1/8 ( i.e, HHH) ( i.e, HHH)
There is a 1/8 probability that you will get three consecutive heads if you flip a coin three times (i.e., HHH).
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A marine biologist and her team capture 40 sea turtles
Question: A marine biologist and her team capture 40 sea turtles and mark them before releasing them. The following year, they capture 60 sea turtles at the same location. Of the 60 sea turtles, only 15 have the mark from the prior year. What is the estimated population of sea turtles for that location? 7 sea turtles 23 sea turtles 160 sea turtles 240 sea turtles
Answer: C) 160 sea turtles
the blank determines which traits are adaptive during the process of natural selection
The environment determines which traits are adaptive during the process of natural selection.
What is natural selection?Natural selection is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time based on their effect on the survival and reproduction of the individuals that possess them. The individuals with traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits on to their offspring. Over time, this can lead to the evolution of species, as certain traits become more common in the population.
Natural selection is one of the main mechanisms of evolution and is often referred to as "survival of the fittest," although the term "fitness" in this context refers to how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its specific environment, rather than its physical strength or athleticism. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace were the first to propose the theory of natural selection, it's based on observations of natural variation within populations, heritability of traits and the fact that more individuals are born than can survive to reproduce.
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When the protein is completed, write the sequence of amino acids shown, there are 11. (Hint: click the "stop" button to make the model stop jiggling.)
In the sequence of amino acids, a ribosome will read the mRNA about three or more letters at a time, each set is called a codon.
What are amino acids and its sequence?The sequence of a protein is normally notated as a string of letters, according to the sequence of the amino acids from the amino-terminal to the carboxyl-terminal so to a ribosome, it will gaze like this: AAA-CGA-GGC-UAA. That first codon, AAA, tells the ribosome to start structuring the protein with the amino acid lysine.
Amino acid sequences can be written using either the three-letter code or a one-letter code is the order in which amino acid rest, attached by peptide bonds, lies in the chain of peptides and proteins
So we can conclude that The amino acid sequence is encoded in DNA. During protein synthesis.
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Types of power station is called a .......... power plant. What one word complete the sentences.
Does Plantae have a peptidoglycan
Plants Produce Immunogenic Peptidoglycans, almost all bacterial cell walls, with the exception of those of Archaea, include it as a hard component and it helps give bacteria their characteristic form.
What is Peptidoglycans?In most bacterial species, the cytoplasmic membrane is encased in a hard material called peptididoglycan. It helps maintain cell shape throughout the life cycle and shields bacterial cells from environmental stress. The production of peptididoglycans has a significant role in controlling bacterial cell division. A polymeric macromolecule known as peptididoglycan is composed of linear glycan strands joined together by peptide bridges. The sacculus, which surrounds the cell and is made of covalently closed peptididoglycan, is formed when peptididoglycan is polymerized at the exterior of the cytoplasmic membrane.
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Question 12
_______receive messages from other neurons and_____send messages to other
neurons.
O Dendrites; axons
O Axons; soma
O Soma; glial cells
Axons; dendrites
Answer:
dendrites, axons
Explanation:
Dendrites receive messages from other neurons and axons send messages to other.
Anya is a veterinary scientist who works in a lab that is attempting to develop better treatment against snakebites. She is currently setting up an experiment that involves running a current through the venom to see if that will separate the particles inside. In the past, this has not worked, but Anya has high hopes. If you were to read the research paper that Anya writes after the experiment, which would MOST likely be the title?
A.
Exploring Chemicals that Combat Viperine Venom
B.
Results of Shock Therapy on Elapine Venom Samples
C.
Discussing the Quality of Antivenin Serums on the Market
D.
Using Radiation to Dissolve Elapine Venom
Answer: B
Explanation:
DNA Sequence CCT CTT TAC ACA CGG AGG GTA CGC TAT TCT ATG ATT ACA CGG TTG CGA TCC ATA ATC
Create an mRNA sequence from the above DNA sequence
mRNA sequences: UGG AGA AAU GUG UGC CUC CCA UGC GAU AAG AUG UGC CAA CGC GUA UUA GUA AUA CUA AUG UGC
What function does mRNA serve in the Covid vaccine?Your cells learn how to produce duplicates of the spike protein from the mRNA in the vaccination. If you later come into contact with the actual virus, your body will be able to detect it and fight it off. The instructions are sent by the mRNA, which is then degraded and eliminated by your cells.
mRNA vaccines: are they better?Many scientists believe that the large amounts of virus-blocking antibodies, known as neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), that the mRNA vaccines produce explain why they are so effective at preventing infection.
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If the Earth did not spin what would happen?
Select one:
a. The Earth's wind would bend due to gravity.
Ob. The Earth would only have two large convection currents.
Oc. The Earth would have the same temperature throughout.
Od. The Earth would have several difference convection currents at different latitudes.
Answer:
B. The Earth would only have two large convection currents. The power of Earth's spin to turn flowing air is known as the Coriolis Effect. If the Earth didn't spin, there would be just one large convection cell between the equator and the North Pole and one large convection cell between the equator and the South Pole.
Explanation:
At the Equator, the earth's rotational motion is at its fastest, about a thousand miles an hour. If that motion suddenly stopped, the momentum would send things flying eastward. Moving rocks and oceans would trigger earthquakes and tsunamis. The still-moving atmosphere would scour landscapes.
If the planet stopped suddenly, everything on the surface would be destroyed, as the atmosphere, oceans and anything not nailed down kept spinning. Even braking to a halt over a minute would mean everything experienced a sideways deceleration of three-quarters of Earth’s gravity, so ‘down’ would feel like it was at an angle of 38° from the vertical. That’s enough to knock over most buildings.
If it slowed down over several years, it would still be a disaster. Without centrifugal force, the oceans would move towards the poles, dropping ocean depth by 8 km around the equator. Since this is less than the depth of the ocean there, Earth’s water would be divided into two huge polar oceans separated by a belt of land in the middle. Everything north of Spain would be underwater, as well as all of Antarctica.
Once Earth doesn’t spin on its own axis, a day lasts as long as a year. Everywhere receives six months of daylight, gradually heating up the planet to well over 100 °C. The huge central continent would get the hottest, and any remaining lakes and rivers would boil away and be blown to the poles by fierce winds. Even primitive life would only be possible along a narrow strip at the coast.
Hope this helps
Some adaptations are helpful in one environment,but would be harmful in other environments .complete the table below with 5 more adaptations.
Adaptations are changes that a species makes in order to better survive in its environment.
What do you mean by environment?
Environment is the natural world and all of the living creatures in it. It includes the air, land, water, plants, and animals. It also includes the physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in and around these elements. Humans are also part of this environment and have an impact on it.
adaptation helpful environment harmful environment
thick fur cold, arctic environment hot environment
webbed feet swimming in water running on land
sharp claws climbing trees open fields
long neck reaching food in tall trees small, enclosed spaces
long legs savanna environment deep water environment
horns defense and protection in fights tight spaces
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Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
Principle that involves an attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions.
Verstehen is the principle which involves the attempt for the understanding of the meanings individuals attach to their actions.
Principle that involves an attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions.?This idea is based on the German philosophical notion of Verstehen, which also serves as the foundation of sociology as a field of study of people and their behaviour.
The word itself exhibits the quality of deeply understanding something, which makes the method appropriate for sociologists and turns it into a means of learning about people and the acts that they take.
Weber suggested doing this, when one tries to put themselves in other people's shoes and see things from their perspective. The concept and practise of verstehen is today recognised as being essential to rejecting positivist social science (although Weber appeared to think that the two could be united). Understanding the purpose of an action is referred to as verstehen.
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The idea of comprehending the meanings people give to their acts is known as verstehen.
What is verstehen principle?A philosophy that makes an effort to comprehend the meanings people give to their activities.
This approach is based on the idea of Verstehen from German philosophy, which also serves as the basis for sociology as a discipline that studies people and their behavior.
The approach is excellent for sociologists because the word itself conveys the quality of deeply comprehending something, which transforms it into a way of learning about people and the actions they take.
When one tries to put themselves in other people's shoes and see things from their perspective, Weber advised doing this. Today, the idea of comprehension and its application are recognized as
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Determine whether the patient has the genetic disorder. Explain your
answer.
Your answer
Answer: Laboratory tests, including genetic testing: Molecular, chromosomal, and biochemical genetic or genomic testing are used to diagnose genetic disorders. Other laboratory tests that measure the levels of certain substances in blood and urine can also help suggest a diagnosis.A diagnosis of a genetic disorder can be made anytime during life, from before birth to old age, depending on when the features of the condition appear and the availability of testing
Explanation:
Which organelle synthesises energy for active transport?
A.
Golgi Body
B.
Endoplasmic reticulum
C.
Centriole
D.
Mitochondria
Answer: the answer is D
Explanation:
state the three laws inheritance by Mendel. explain
Mendel's three rules are the Law of Segregation, the Law of Dominance, and the Law of Independent Assortment.
It implies that meiosis is the process of separating two alleles from one another. Two copies of each chromosome are actually separated from one another during the second stage of meiosis, which is when segregation or separation occurs.
The child will inherit the XX genotype and the dominant phenotype if one parent carries the dominant allele X in two copies and the other parent carries the recessive allele X in two copies. The segregation of the allele pair into two daughter cells during the second stage of meiosis division is Mendel's third rule.
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The three laws of inheritance proposed by Mendel are: the law of segregation, the law of dominance, and the law of independent assortment.
What are Mendel's law of inheritance?The three laws of inheritance proposed by Gregor Mendel are:
The law of dominance: This law states that when an organism inherits two different forms of a gene (alleles) for a trait, one allele will be dominant and will be expressed in the organism's phenotype, while the other allele will be recessive and will not be expressed. For example, if an organism inherits one allele for brown eyes (B) and one allele for blue eyes (b), the brown eye allele is dominant and the organism will have brown eyes.
The law of segregation: This law states that during the formation of sex cells (gametes), the alleles for a trait separate from each other so that each gamete receives only one allele. This means that the offspring will inherit one allele from each parent and will therefore have a combination of alleles for a trait.
The law of independent assortment: This law states that the inheritance of one gene or trait is independent of the inheritance of another gene or trait. In other words, the alleles for different traits are inherited independently of each other and are not linked in any way. This means that the probability of inheriting a specific combination of alleles for different traits is the product of the probabilities of inheriting each allele for each trait.
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how is climate change most likely to lead to ecosystem instability
a. by causing extreme changes that organisms are not adapted to
b. by creating new islands through volcanic eruptions
c. by increasing predator populations to a point that cannot be supported
d. by causing increases in most prey populations
Answer:
a. by causing extreme changes that organisms are not adapted to