According to endosymbiosis theory,the inner membrane of mitochondria is gotten from the first bacterium, and the outer membrane is gotten from the host cell that overwhelmed the bacterium by endocytosis.
Mitochondria are membrane bound organelles encased by a twofold film.They have a smooth external layer encasing the organelle and a collapsed inward film. The folds of the internal membrane are called cristae, the particular of which is crista, and the folds are where the responses making mitochondrial energy happen.
The inner membrane contains a liquid called the matrix while the intermembrane space situated between the two layers is likewise loaded up with liquid. Due to this somewhat basic cell structure, mitochondria have just two separate working volumes: the grid inside the inward layer and the intermembrane space. They depend on moves between the two volumes for energy generation.
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some of the smallest and most numerous pathogens, consisting of a genome and a capsid and being unable to reproduce on their own, are known as .
virus, some of the smallest and most numerous pathogens, consisting of a genome and a capsid and being unable to reproduce on their own, and that's why use bacteria for the reproduction.
viruses are between the living and non living as they show properties of both. they have genetic material but depend on bacteria for reproduction, they command the bacteria and uses it machinery for the reproduction.
the size of the virus is from 20 to 150 nm in diameter
viruses are smaller than bacteria and have a single- or double-stranded nucleic acid depends on the type of virus.
The structure of virus consist of genome, capsid and also envelope.
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assuming there are no heteroplasmic individuals but that people from different families have different dna, how many different mitochondrial dnas are there in this entire pedigree?
There will be total of 5 DNA different mitochondrial DNA in the entire pedigree if we assume that there is no heteroblastic individuals.
Hundreds to thousands of mitochondria are found in the fluid that surrounds the nucleus in each cell (the cytoplasm). Although the majority of DNA is contained in chromosomes within the nucleus, mitochondria do have some of their own DNA. This genetic material is referred to as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
There will be 5 mitochondrial DNA if there are no heteroplasmic individuals however persons from different families have distinct dna.
The occurrence of more than one mtDNA type in one individual is referred to as heteroplasmy (Melton 2004). Two or more mtDNA populations can coexist inside an individual's cells, within a single cell, or within a single mitochondrion.
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Which statement about a penguin's energy source is true?
Answer:
C
Explanation:
As for A, penguins are carnivores, which means they hunt for animals to eat, so they don't get most nutrients from water (so A is wrong).
For B, penguins are not photosynthetic, which means they don't produce their food via the Sun, but rather gather it from outside sources (so B is wrong). Hope this helps! Have a great day! :)
Answer: nutrients in the water are the ultimate source of energy for penguins.
Explanation:
penguins go through annual fasting periods. Meat from prey animals smaller them is the base of penguins diet, and they do not eat any terrestrial or aquatic plants just because their body is not designed to digest plants and because the energy and fat they need come from fish
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Rank the following orbitals in terms of their energies from highest to lowest.a. 7sb. 4fc. 5fd. 5pe. 6df. 5d
Orbitals in terms of their energies from highest to lowest : a. 7s ; b. 5p ;c. 6d ; d. 5d; e. 5f ; f. 4f.
What does energy of orbital depend on?The energy of an orbital depends on its quantum numbers, including the principal quantum number (n) and the angular quantum number (l). Generally, as the value of n increases, the energy of an orbital also increases. Within a given value of n, as the value of l increases, the energy of an orbital decreases.
With that in mind, the following is the ranking of the orbitals in terms of their energies from highest to lowest:
a. 7s
b. 5p
c. 6d
d. 5d
e. 5f
f. 4f
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what domain is most concerned with defining the number of fundamental and individual trait differences?
The domain most concerned with defining the number of the fundamental and the individual trait differences is: dispositional domain.
Dispositional domain in psychology is the process that deals with the influence of individual characteristics on an individual's behavior. It explains that these characteristics are responsible for the difference in behavior of each individual.
The traits are referred to as the characteristics that define an individual's personality. These traits can be: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. These traits are known to describe the long-term nature of individuals. These traits also help people to analyze and understand the personality of others.
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How does temperature affect reaction rate of enzymes?
Answer: Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and lowering temperature slows down a reaction.
Explanation:
A life cycle in which organisms switch back and forth between diploid and haploid stages
A life cycle in which organisms switch back and forth between diploid and haploid stages is known as the alternation of generations.
Haploid stage is the phase where the living body is involved in the synthesis of gamete cells, The gamete cells are haploid in nature which means that they possess only one set of chromosomes. The haploid stage if also called the gametophyte stage.
Alternation of generation is the phenomenon where the living organisms constantly switch between the gametophyte stage and the sporophyte stage. The gametophyte stage is the haploid stage whereas the sporophyte stage is the diploid stage of the life cycle.
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Any given area of the retina relays its information to a corresponding location in the A occipital lobe. B. hypothalamus. C. cerebellum. D. oval window
Any particular portion of the retina communicates with a matching site in the occipital lobe. Here option A is the correct answer.
The retina is the light-sensitive layer of the eye that converts light into electrical signals and sends them to the brain. The occipital lobe is part of the brain that processes visual information and is responsible for interpreting and recognizing visual stimuli, such as color, form, and movement.
When the electrical signals from the retina reach the occipital lobe, they are translated into the images that we see. The hypothalamus, cerebellum, and oval window are not involved in visual processing.
The hypothalamus regulates hormones, the cerebellum controls movement, and the oval window is a small opening in the inner ear that allows sound waves to enter and stimulate the sensory hair cells.
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The red color of arterial blood is due to the presence of in erythrocytes.
a. true
b. false
The red color of arterial blood is due to the presence of erythrocytes. True.
What are erythrocytes?Erythrocytes are otherwise known as red blood cells. Red blood cells carry a protein that transports oxygen, otherwise known as hemoglobin. When this protein picks up oxygen in the lung, the erythrocytes become bright red in color.
In other words, without the erythrocytes, there will not be hemoglobin and the arterial blood color will not be red.
Thus, the presence of erythrocytes gives the red color to arterial blood.
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Calculate the distance that the center of the cloud traveled from Mount Pinatubo. Assume that the distance north and south is negligible compared to the distance to the east and west. This can be calculated easily by determining the number of degrees longitude the center of the cloud moved and multiplying the result by 108 km, the number of kilometers in a degree.
This is something I have been stuck and clueless on for ages. All images are attached below. Thank you so much in advanced.
Measuring cloud data requires the use of Ceilometers. A Ceilometer is able to record cloud related data such as cloud height and Cloud ceiling.
What other factors are required for cloud measurement?The distance and speed travelled by clouds are dependent on the following factors:
Type of cloudSpeed of windVelocity and Density of the cloudPresence of moisture, crystals of ice, droplets of water in the cloud Distance of the cloud from the surface of the earth etc.
It is key to indicate here that the average speed range that clouds can travel is between 48 and 400 kilometers per hour.
Therefore, Measuring cloud data requires the use of Ceilometers. A Ceilometer is able to record cloud related data such as cloud height and Cloud ceiling.
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A homozygous tall plant (TT) of Mirabilis jalapa was crossed with its bred true dwarf plant (tt) giving F1 Tall plants. However, the dwarf plants reappeared in F2. Cross out these plants and show the proportions of the Tall to the dwarf plants in the F2.
Answer:
1 Dwarf (tt) plant
Explanation:
The cross used to generate the F1 and F2 plants is as follows:
TT (Homozygous Tall Plant) x tt (Bred True Dwarf Plant)
The F1 generation of plants would all be Tall (Tt) as this is a monohybrid cross.
For the F2 generation, the plants would be segregated in a 3:1 ratio of Tall to Dwarf plants. There would be three Tall (Tt) plants for every one Dwarf (tt) plant. The cross would look like this:
Tt (F1 Tall Plant) x Tt (F1 Tall Plant)
The F2 generation of plants would be made up of the following:
3 Tall (Tt) plants
1 Dwarf (tt) plant
what property of the free energy equation is altered when water is excluded from between two interacting proteins?
The free energy equation is altered when water is excluded from between two interacting proteins because it affects the hydration free energy term. This term accounts for the free energy required to hydrate the polar and charged residues of the proteins, and its absence leads to a change in the overall stability of the protein complex.
When water is excluded from between the proteins, the hydrophobic interactions become more pronounced, leading to a higher stability of the protein complex. This is because hydrophobic residues are not soluble in water, and when they are in close proximity to each other in the absence of water, they form stronger interactions.
Additionally, the absence of water also eliminates the possibility of ion pairing, which is the interaction between ions of opposite charge in the presence of water. This interaction also contributes to the stability of the protein complex and its absence can lead to a change in the overall stability. Thus, the exclusion of water between two interacting proteins leads to changes in the hydration-free energy and ion pairing, ultimately altering the overall stability of the protein complex.
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which kingdom of organisms produces and secretes the most types of antibiotics?
While both bacteria and fungi produce antibiotics, bacteria are known to produce a larger number of antibiotics, with Streptomyces being the most prolific antibiotic-producing bacteria. The discovery and development of antibiotics have revolutionized medicine and saved countless lives.
However, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a growing public health threat. Therefore, it is essential to use antibiotics responsibly to ensure their continued effectiveness in treating bacterial infections.
Antibiotics are chemicals produced by microorganisms that can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. They have been instrumental in fighting bacterial infections, saving countless lives since the discovery of penicillin in 1928. While many different types of microorganisms produce antibiotics, bacteria and fungi are the primary sources.
Among the two kingdoms, bacteria are known to produce a larger number of antibiotics. Bacteria belong to the domain Prokaryota, which includes organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are found almost everywhere, including the soil, water, and the human body. Some bacteria have evolved to produce antibiotics as a means of competing with other microorganisms for resources and survival.
Streptomyces is the most prolific antibiotic-producing bacteria. This genus of soil-dwelling bacteria is responsible for producing around two-thirds of all naturally occurring antibiotics. Scientists have identified over 500 different compounds produced by Streptomyces that have antibiotic properties. The antibiotics produced by Streptomyces are used to treat a wide range of infections, including tuberculosis, pneumonia, and strep throat.
In addition to Streptomyces, other bacteria known to produce antibiotics include Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Mycobacterium. Each of these genera produces a variety of different antibiotics that have been used in medicine to treat bacterial infections.
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a student isolated four different mutations at the identical location near the beginning of orfx. mutation a resulted in a 1 bp deletion, mutation b resulted in a 3 bp deletion, mutation c resulted in a 3 bp insertion and mutation d resulted in 6 bp deletion. which mutation is likely to have the most severe phenotype?
The mutation is likely to have the most severe phenotype is mutation A. that resulted in a 1 bp deletion.
Phenotypic mutations are mistakes that arise throughout protein synthesis. These mistakes cause amino acid substitutions that provide upward push to atypical proteins. Experiments endorse that such mistakes are pretty common. We gift a version to take a look at the impact of phenotypic mutation quotes on the quantity of atypical proteins in a cell. Most mutations don't have any impact at the phenotype. Some have an impact on phenotype to a few extent. Very few create a brand new phenotype. Mutations may be inherited and consequently exceeded on from one man or woman to another.
Thus, the correct option is mutation A.
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Which type of mutation affects the largest number of genes? A. Missense mutation B. Silent mutation C. Point mutation D. Chromosomal mutation
Answer is: Chromosomal mutation
The distance between two successive troughs is called wavelength. True or False
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
Native element
minerals
Rust
Halide minerals
Sulfate minerals
1 ?
?
?
Minerals that contain
elements that combine
with chlorine, fluorine,
bromine, or iodine
An example of a common
oxide mineral
Contains atoms of a single
element
Contains the elements
sulfur and oxygen
Native element - Contains atoms of a single element
Rust - An example of a common oxide mineral
Halide minerals - Minerals that contain elements that combine with chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine
Sulfate minerals - Contain the elements sulfur and oxygen
What are minerals?A mineral is an element or chemical compound that has formed as a result of geological processes and is often crystalline in nature. Examples include the minerals quartz, feldspar, calcite, sulfur, and clays like kaolinite and smectite.
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The carbohydrates in your diet are a product of which process?
Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
Ingestion
Mechanical digestion
Which option^ help!
Answer: Photosynthesis
Explanation: The carbohydrates in your diet are a product of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy, which is stored in the form of carbohydrates (such as glucose). Carbohydrates are one of the three major macronutrients that are essential for human nutrition, and they are an important source of energy for our bodies.
While ingestion and mechanical digestion are important steps in the process of obtaining carbohydrates from our diet, the ultimate source of these carbohydrates is the plants and other photosynthetic organisms that produce them. Once we ingest the plant material, our bodies break down the carbohydrates through further digestion and cellular respiration in order to extract the energy they contain.
What is the type of technology that is used at various times throughout a pregnancy to monitor the development of the fetus?
ultrasound
MRI scan
CAT scan
X-ray
Answer:
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography: Medical ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging technique based on it. It is used for the imaging of internal body structures such as muscles, joints and internal organs. Ultrasonic images are known as sonograms. In this process, pulses of ultrasound are sent to the tissue using a probe.
Design Your Offspring:
Create your imaginary offspring. Bring in a picture or drawing of yourself and of your sweetheart, favorite celebrity, or dream girl or guy (these are not included).
1. Attach your picture to your poster (these are not included). Next to each picture, describe the traits and give each a genotype. (Use your imagination)
2. Identify two different possible children. Show and describe the phenotypes and genotypes for each children.
3. Show a monohybrid cross using your trait. (Example. Mm x mm). Show the Punnet and the ratios produced. Include the genotype and phenotype in the punnet square.
Pa help po pls.... I really need help po. I'll mark brainliest who answered po.
Punnett squares are used to easily represent crosses and interpret possible genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring. 1) Freckles, hairline, tongue rolling, ear free-lobule. 2) Girl: FF Ww tt ee. Boy: ff Ww Tt ee. 3) 50% heterozygous Ff expressing freckles, 50% homozygous recessive with no freckles.
What is a Punnett square?
The Punnett square is a graphic representation that shows the different types of gamete combinations according to the alleles involved in a cross.
Punnett square shows the probabilities of getting offspring with different genotypes and their consequent phenotypes.
1) I will provide a few examples of traits expressed by a brother and sister (offspring).
Freckles (The dominant allele F codes for freckles)Girl ⇒ Has freckles, FF
Boy ⇒ Does not have freckles, ff
Hairline: Widow peak (The dominant allele W codes for widow peak)Girl and Boy ⇒ Both of them have Widow peak, Ww
Tongue's roll trait (the dominant allele T codes for rolling trait)Girl ⇒ Can not roll her tongue, tt
Boy ⇒ Can roll his tongue, Tt
Free-lobule (The dominant allele E codes for free-lobule)Girl and Boy ⇒ Both of them have attached lobule, ee
2)
The girl's phenotype: She has freckles, a widow peak, can not roll her tongue, and has attached earloble
The girl's genotype is FF Ww tt ee
The boy's phenotype: He does not have freckles, he has a widow peak, he can roll his tongue. and he has attached earloble.
The boy's genotype is ff Ww Tt ee
3) Monohybrid cross
Parentals) Ff x ff
Gametes) F f f f
Punnett square) F f
f Ff ff
f Ff ff
F1)
Genotype
50% of the offspring is expected to be heterozygous Ff
50% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous recessive ff
Genotypic ratio ⇒ 1:1
Phenotype
50% of the progeny is expected to have freckles
50% of the offspring is not expected to express freckles
Phenotypic ratio ⇒ 1:1
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infection of a sebaceous gland producing a small, superficial white nodule along the lid margin is called:
Hordeolum is the medical term for an infection of a sebaceous gland that results in a tiny, superficial white lump along the lid border.
Describe hordeolum.A hordeolum is an infection of the oil gland at the border of the eyelid, sometimes known as a "style." A staph infection commonly develops in a hordeolum, which hurts, swells, and looks red. A hordeolum resembles an eyelid margin bump or pimple that is pus-filled. Warm compresses and antibiotic eye drops or ointments are part of the treatment.
Maintaining clean eyelids, taking off makeup before sleeping, renewing eye makeup every three months, and cleaning hands before touching the region around the eyes can all help avoid hordeola. Never try to squeeze or drain a sty on your own. If the redness and swelling spread to your cheek or other areas of your face in addition to your eyelid, call your eye doctor right once.
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True or False: House flies have 2 sets of wings
Answer: true
Explanation:Houseflies only appear to have one set of wings, but they also have a tiny second set, called halters. These do not help generate lift, but provide stability during flight.
which two statements describe how DNA and RNA function in protien synthesis?
DNA carries the blue print while it is transferred to the genes by the RNA
How does the DNA and the RNA combine in protein synthesis?In protein synthesis, DNA serves as a blueprint for creating messenger RNA (mRNA), which then carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome where it is translated into a specific protein. The mRNA codons, or sequences of three nitrogenous bases, are read by ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and matched with complementary transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carrying specific amino acids.
The ribosome uses the information in the mRNA codons and the amino acids carried by tRNA to build a linear chain of amino acids, forming a protein.
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if 1 ounce (volume)=29.57 milliliters, how many ounces are 2.8 liters?
Answer:
94.57 ounces
Explanation:
To convert liters to milliliters, we multiply by 1000. Thus, 2.8 liters is equal to 2.8 * 1000 = 2800 milliliters.
To convert milliliters to ounces, we divide by 29.57. Hence, 2800 milliliters is equal to 2800 / 29.57 = 94.57 ounces.
Therefore, 2.8 liters is equal to approximately 94.57 ounces.
The students notice that a total solar and a total lunar eclipse happened in the same month one time from 2001 through 2004.
Why is it unusual for a solar and lunar eclipse to happen in the same month
Answer:
because day is rotating, world is rotating
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Using the above graph, explain why and how the carrying capacity of the deer population was reduced. Use details about what you know about the deer’s habitat to support your answer.
A deer population that is growing, or is maintained at carrying capacity, can actually exceed carrying capacity the following year because carrying capacity was lowered by changes in the environment.
How does carrying capacity affect deer population?As animal density increases, or habitat quality or quantity decreases, deer productivity and survival decline. The number of deer the land can sustain over the long term ultimately is determined by the available habitat – food, water, and space.
If a population exceeds carrying capacity, the ecosystem may become unsuitable for the species to survive. If the population exceeds the carrying capacity for a long period of time, resources may be completely depleted.
For populations which grow exponentially, growth starts out slowly, enters a rapid growth phase and then levels off when the carrying capacity for that species has been reached.
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the stage of biofilm formation where there is the initial adhesion of a few cells to a surface is called
The stage of biofilm formation where there is the initial adhesion of a few cells to a surface is called the initiation stage.
What is a biofilm?A biofilm is a thin layer of microorganisms that adhere to a surface and produce a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances that encapsulate the cells. Biofilms can be composed of bacteria, fungi, algae, or a mixture of microorganisms and are commonly found in natural and man-made environments, including freshwater and marine ecosystems, industrial processes, medical devices, and the human body. The microorganisms in a biofilm can communicate and coordinate their activities, leading to a highly organized and complex structure. Biofilms have important implications for human health, industrial processes, and the environment and are the subject of ongoing research in many fields.
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microvilli are found a. in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones b. on the inside of cell membranes. c. in cells that participate in absorption. d. mostly in muscle cells
Microvilli are found on the inside of cell membranes. Option B is correct.
Microvilli are the tiny, finger-like projections that will extend from the surface of the certain cells and increase the surface area which are available for absorption or secretion. They are found in large numbers on cells that will participate in absorption, such as enterocytes in the small intestine, where they will help to increase the surface area for nutrient uptake.
Microvilli also play a role in hormone secretion in certain cells, such as those in the endocrine system. However, they are not mostly found in the muscle cells.
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is it possible to get any transcription of the lac operon in the absence of lactose? why or why not?
Yes, it is possible to get some transcription of the lac operon in the absence of lactose.
The lac operon is a genetic switch in bacteria that regulates the expression of genes involved in the breakdown of lactose. The lac operon is normally only activated in the presence of lactose, when it acts as an inducer of gene expression. In the absence of lactose, the lac operon is repressed, and gene expression is limited.
However, it is possible for some transcription of the lac operon to occur even in the absence of lactose, due to the activity of a basal level of RNA polymerase that is always present in the cell. This basal level of RNA polymerase can initiate the transcription of the lac operon, albeit at a much lower level than in the presence of lactose. Additionally, mutations in the lac operon or other genetic factors can disrupt the normal regulation of the lac operon, leading to increased or constitutive expression even in the absence of lactose.
In summary, while the lac operon is normally only activated in the presence of lactose, some transcription can occur even in the absence of lactose due to the presence of a basal level of RNA polymerase or other genetic factors.
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demonstration of membrane fluidity by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (frap) experiments suggests that most:
Demonstration of membrane fluidity by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments suggests that most: phospholipids have free short-range movement.
FRAP is the molecular technique applied to study the mobility of proteins and lipids present in the cell membrane of living cells. The techniques involves photobleaching a small segment of plasma membrane and then observing them after the some time.
Phospholipids are the most prevalent type of lipids in the cell membrane. These are composed of a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. The head group divides the phospholipids into different types. The general structure consists of: phosphoric acids, nitrogen base, alcohol and fatty acids.
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