The principle of "presumption of innocent " is a fundamental principle of criminal justice that holds that an individual is considered innocent until proven guilty. This principle is based on the idea that all individuals are entitled to the same rights and protections, regardless of whether they have been accused of a crime. It places the burden of proof on the prosecution, rather than on the accused, to demonstrate that the individual has committed the crime.
This principle is also known as the "innocent until proven guilty" principle. This principle is an essential aspect of the criminal justice system, as it ensures that individuals are not unjustly convicted or punished for crimes they did not commit. It also serves to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals who have been accused of a crime, as they are not immediately assumed guilty and are given the opportunity to defend themselves against the charges.
It also requires that the prosecution must provide evidence beyond a reasonable doubt to convince the court of the guilt.
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The Plain Writing Act
SEC. 2. PURPOSE.
The purpose of this Act is to improve the effectiveness and accountability of Federal agencies to the public by promoting clear Government communication that the public can understand and use.
SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.
In this Act:
AGENCY.—The term “agency” means an Executive agency, as defined under section 105 of title 5, United States Code.
COVERED DOCUMENT.—The term “covered document”
means any document that
is necessary for obtaining any Federal Government benefit or service or filing taxes;
provides information about any Federal Government benefit or service; or
explains to the public how to comply with a requirement the Federal Government administers or enforces;
includes (whether in paper or electronic form) a letter, publication, form, notice, or instruction; and
does not include a regulation.
PLAIN WRITING.—The term “plain writing” means writing that is clear, concise and well-organized, and that follows other best practices appropriate to the subject or field and intended audience.
SEC. 4. RESPONSIBILITIES OF FEDERAL AGENCIES.
PREPARATION FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF PLAIN WRITING REQUIREMENTS.—
IN GENERAL.—Not later than 9 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the head of each agency shall—
designate one or more senior officials within the agency to oversee the agency implementation of this Act;
communicate the requirements of this Act to the employees of the agency;
train employees of the agency in plain writing;
establish a process for overseeing the ongoing compliance of the agency with the requirements of this Act;
create and maintain a plain-writing section of the agency’s website as required under paragraph (2) that is accessible from the home page of the agency’s website; and
designate 1 or more agency points of contact to receive and respond to public input on implementation and reports required under section 5.
WEBSITE.—The plain-writing section described under paragraph (1)(E) shall—
inform the public of agency compliance with the requirements of this Act; and
provide a mechanism for the agency to receive and respond to public input on implementation and reports required under section 5.
REQUIREMENT TO USE PLAIN WRITING IN NEW DOCUMENTS.—Beginning not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, each agency shall use plain writing in every covered document of the agency that the agency issues or substantially revises.
GUIDANCE.—
IN GENERAL.—Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall develop and issue guidance on implementing the requirements of this section. The Director may designate a lead agency and may use interagency working groups to assist in developing and issuing the guidance.
INTERIM GUIDANCE.—Before the issuance of guidance under paragraph (1), agencies may follow the guidance of the writing guidelines developed by the Plain Language Action and Information Network or guidance provided by the head of the agency that is consistent with those guidelines.
Question
For website pages on tax shelters, the Plain Writing Act requires that which of the following be considered?
All of the following are true of the federal tax advantages of a qualified plan EXCEPT: O At distribution, all amounts received by the employee are free of taxes. O Individually owned non-qualified annuities are generally taxed as follows: O Premiums are not deductible; interest credited to the cash value is taxed deferred.
Answer:
O At distribution, all amounts received by the employee are free of taxes.
A crime considered so heinous that it is punishable by death referred to as:
a. Capital offense
b. Death penalty crime
c. Eye-for-an-eye offense
d. Felony crime.
do gangs add any value to a neighborhood or community why or why not
Gangs boost crime rates in neighborhoods and provide a poor model for local children. Despite the fact that they fail to complete their education, face employment challenges, engage in drug and alcohol abuse, or wind up in jail, they project an image of strength and respect.
Briefing:-Because of the devastation they can cause to others, communities are afraid of them.
What function do gangs in communities serve?Along with giving weapons and a sense of safety in numbers, or the knowledge that they have individuals who will fight alongside them if necessary, gangs can give its members a sense of protection (Decker & Van Winkle, 1996). Youth safety requirements may be met with the use of such provisions.
What are the top 4 causes for gang membership?Unstable or damaged home.
financial instability
low expectations and levels of education.
members of a family gang.
either one or both parents' neglect.
violence committed against children at home or in the neighborhood.
drug and/or alcohol addiction by one or both parents.
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What were the difficulties with the Articles of Confederation?
All problems with federal law are related to insufficient central government power and too much power to the states.
The difficulties were as follows-
- The state did not act immediately.
- The central government was designed to be very weak.
- In the Legislative Assembly had only one House, and in each state he had only one vote.
- Congress needed nine of her 13 states to pass the bill.
- It was virtually impossible to change the documentation.
- Congress did not have the power to enforce that law.
- Congress had no taxing authority.
- Congress had no power to regulate trade.
- There is no national court system “judiciary”.
- Unanimous consent is required to amend the Articles of Incorporation.
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true or false ; embezzlement can be committed only by physically taking property from the possession of another.
The correct answer is False. Only physically removing another person's property from their possession qualifies as an act of embezzlement.
Mischief Anyone who destroys property, changes it in a way that lessens its worth or utility, or negatively affects it with the intent to cause, or knowing that he is likely to cause, unjust loss or harm to the general public or to any individual, is guilty of a crime.
Criminal damaging or endangerment is a crime that can be committed when you deliberately or carelessly damage someone else's property. The crime could be prosecuted as a felony or a misdemeanour.Vandalism is the intentional destruction or impairment of private or public property. Even if a purposeful act only partially destroys or damages property, it is still considered vandalism if the property is tarnished, defiled, or somehow diminished.
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Why did it take so long for all of the states to approve the Articles of Confederation?
The majority of people readily agreed that the constitution needed to be changed for the sake of the country.
People feared that the power expended would quickly go to waste if they submitted to a large and powerful government.
The government created the Bill of Rights because people wanted their rights protected and felt the federalists threatened it.
Anti-Federalists mainly occupied rural areas like the West (then) and South. Anti-Fed becomes Democratic-Republican.
The Articles of Confederation and the Eternal Alliance were agreements between the 13 states of the United States and served as the first framework of government.
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When is using your headlights required by Virginia law?
Virginia law states that one should use headlights when driving at night, during poor weather conditions and when using windshield wipers.
Motorists must drive at night with their headlights on. Virginia has not specified an exact time to use the searchlight. Instead, the law requires drivers to use their headlights from sunset to sunrise.
Drivers must use their headlights in bad weather.
By law, whenever rain, smoke, fog, snow, sleet, poor lighting conditions, or other adverse weather conditions reduce visibility and prevent him from clearly seeing people or vehicles on the road at a distance of 500 feet , must use headlights.
Finally, drivers should use their headlights whenever windshield wipers are used as a result of fog, rain, sleet, or snow. However, headlights are not required for intermittent wiper use in drizzle, sleet or snow.
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What were his feelings about the government while he was in jail?
Henry David Thoreau was the first person to engage in passive resistance, or "civil disobedience," as he called it. Thoreau opted to spend a night in jail rather than pay a tax he believed to be unfair. Thoreau took these actions in opposition to slavery and the United States' war with Mexico, both of which would be funded by the tax.
Following his arrest, Thoreau penned his famous essay that explores the dynamic between the state and the person. In this era of strong government, Thoreau's philosophy was much more in line with the ideas of the Founding Fathers. He believed that the government that regulates the least is the best government. In other words, it enables men to exercise their individual rights.
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What was an important effect of Blackstone?
Option b: Important effect of Blackstone is that Common law became more accessible.
William Blackstone was an 18th-century English jurist, judge, and statesman.
He summarized England common law in an accessible, logical and understandable way. This was done by him writing a commentary on England law.
In 1765 Sir William Blackstone wrote a commentary on English law, published by the Calderón Press, Oxford.
The Commentary is considered a major work in the development of English law and played a role in the development of the American legal system.
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Complete Question:
What was an important effect of Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England? People in England no longer had to pay taxes. Common law became more accessible. Judges were able to rule as they pleased. The rights of the accused were done away with.
The #13 is spray painted on the side of a liquor store. What night this mean to police?
Answer:
The number 13 correlates to the 13th letter of the alphabet M. Short for Eme or the Mexican Mafia.
Tagging is normally a way for gangs to mark their territory.
what type of court has original jurisdiction over a case involving an american suing a citizen of another contry
Federal courts are the courts of primary jurisdiction in cases where Americans are suing citizens of other countries.
Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. This means that federal courts can hear only cases authorized by the U.S.
Constitution or federal law.
The federal district courts are the point of contact for all litigation arising under federal law, the Constitution, or international treaties. This form of jurisdiction is called an "original jurisdiction".
The jurisdiction of the state courts may overlap with the jurisdiction of the federal courts, which means that in some cases both courts will hear the case.
Jurisdiction of the courts includes cases of the United States government, constitutional law, federal law, and interstate disputes.
Therefore, jurisdiction of origin also exists when an American is suing a citizen of another country.
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The Court Packing Plan was an attempt by President Roosevelt to expand the number of justices to the supreme court. The expansion of justices however would only take place if the justices had the same views as Roosevelt thus assisting him with passing his own agenda. The New Deal were a series of program by Roosevelt to bring about economic growth after the stock market crash. Much of these provisions however were decided in the supreme court which provide motivation to Roosevelt to Pack the Court. Much of the New Deal faced challenges and many of the justice department officials opposed the legislature. Roosevelt issued a proposal stating that any judge over 70 should retire with full pay thus leading the way to a majority vote. Both sides congress opposed the court packing plan that Roosevelt presented.
The Court Packing Plan was an attempt by the President Roosevelt in order to expand the number of justices to the Supreme Court.
There was a bill which came to be known as Roosevelt's "Court-Packing Plan", which is a phrase coined by the Edward Rumely. In November 1936, President Roosevelt was said to have won a sweeping re-election victory. So, he proposed to reorganize the federal judiciary.
However, this act was done by adding a new justice each time a justice reached age 70 and failed to retire. Thus, during his 12 years in office, Roosevelt appointed 8 new members of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Hence, Roosevelt decided in order to curb the power of the Supreme Court.
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What are state laws called?
Answer:
State laws are called state statuses
Describe the importance of social responsibility in the context of being on a jury and the problems that results from putting individual needs ahead of obligations to society
In judiciary, the concept of social responsibility is important in assessing the accused. Where they are clear, jurors will perceive less freedom for their sentencing decisions.
What is social responsibility and its importance to the society?Individuals are held accountable for fulfilling their civic duties under social responsibility and their actions must benefit society as a whole. The theory of social responsibility is based on an ethical system in which decisions and actions must be ethically validated before they are carried out.
If the action or decision has a negative impact on society or the environment, it is considered socially irresponsible. The theory of social responsibility and ethics is applicable to both individuals and groups. It should be incorporated into daily actions and decisions, especially those that affect other people and/or the environment.
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Bran is CEO of an American company. Bran's company opens an office in Germany. Bran visits the German office and is uncomfortable with some of the work habits of the new German employees. If Bran applies moral relativism, he will
Where Bran is the CEO of an American corporation and his firm establishes a presence in Germany if Bran visits the German workplace and is uneasy with some of the new German colleagues' work practices and If Bran employs moral relativism, he will most likely tolerate and appreciate the varied work practices of the German workers.
What is Moral Relativism?Moral relativism holds that there are no universally true moral facts, but that moral truths are relative to the individual or culture. It is significant because it enables us to comprehend and appreciate various cultural and social moral values. It also promotes critical thinking and self-evaluation of one's moral values.
So note that Brian will take the above action because he recognizes that morality is subject to cultural and societal standards and that what is acceptable or proper in one culture may not be in another.
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You are a doctor in a small CityTwo weeks ago, the City was a legal marijuanamunicipality (For Medicinal Use only) but later decided not to participate in the legalized trade What is the legal ramification of your decision
An example of a recent bankruptcy is the bankruptcy case of rapper 50 Cent, which was filed in July 2015.
What is bankruptcy?
Bankruptcy is a legal process where an individual or a business struggling with financial difficulties can obtain relief from debt. It is a legal court process in which a debtor can be released from their financial obligations, such as outstanding loans and unpaid bills. Bankruptcy can also provide a fresh start for individuals and businesses, where they can begin rebuilding their financial life and establishing a better financial future.
According to court documents, 50 Cent had a networth of over $100 million at one point, but ended up filing for bankruptcy due to a combination of factors, including a series of costly lawsuits, bad investments, and a lavish lifestyle.
Had 50 Cent paid better attention to his finances, he may have been able to avoid bankruptcy. He could have been more selective in the investments he made and been more cautious with the lawsuits he was involved in. He also could have reigned in his spending and lived a simpler lifestyle.
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Why law of segregation is also called the law of gametes?
The Law of Segregation is also called the law of gametes, as it tends to suggest that throughout the gamete formation, the 2 individuals of a pair of the factors tend to separate.
The Law of Segregation tends to explain that the pair of the alleles tend to segregate from each other which is during the meiosis cell division which is the gamete formation, so that the only one allele will be then present in each gamete.
However, according to the Law of Segregation, the two alleles of a gene tend to separate during formation of the gametes. Thus, they do not tend to blend but segregate or separate into different gametes.
Hence, here each gamete is pure and tend to possess only one allele of a gene.
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“Boundary fence question” A Neighbours shed wall is on the boundary line and a fence is built, as close to the shed as possible the palings are on our side. Is the fence line after 15 years taken as the new boundary line In adverse possession law (I live in Victoria, Australia.)?
No jurisdiction would give adverse possession to someone after only three years of inhabiting a sliver of property.
What exactly is an Adverse Possession?Adverse possession, also known colloquially as "squatter's rights," is a legal principle in Anglo-American common law that allows a person who does not have legal title to a piece of property—usually land (real property)—to acquire legal ownership through continuous possession or occupation of the property without the permission (license) of the property's legal owner. Possession by a person is not detrimental if they are in possession as the lawful owner's renter or licensee.
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What is Mendel 2nd law?
Mendel's second law is the law of segregation. The law states that each pair of parental alleles or genes is shared and a single gene is passed from each parent to its offspring.
Basic concept of segregation method:
- There are multiple alleles for one gene.
- Each organism inherits a pair of alleles for each gene. When gametes are produced by meiosis during gametogenesis, pairs of alleles separate, leaving only one allele in each gamete.
- A gene has two alternative forms known as alleles. . One allele is dominant while the alternative is recessive.
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What are some of the basic responsibilities of law enforcement supervisors? How do these responsibilities affect their obtainment of the best performance from their subordinates? How important is it to lead by example as a supervisor?
The subordinate power has been increased and they've been made into a superior law enforcement person. they are the ones who defined the law and help them to execute it.
What is a law?The exact meaning of the law is up for debate, but it is generally understood to be a collection of rules that are made and enforced by social or governmental bodies to control behavior.
Some of the basic responsibility of law ensuring supervisor is to make sure and analyze if there is any situation and to diffuse it. This helped them to create a peaceful environment in society. If there is a police officer then he would do it would do everything that is according to the law to defend the person and to make sure that the crime rate has been brought to a minimum.
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Can the U.S. citizenship be taken away?
Denaturalization is only possible in cases when a person obtained citizenship fraudulently or incorrectly when they were not qualified. To denaturalize a citizen, the federal government may file a civil or criminal case in federal court.
A citizen who loses their citizenship is not always forced to leave the United States. Instead, unless there are grounds for removal, they will return to their prior legal status in the United States. However, if they applied for family members to immigrate to the U.S. based on their citizenship, such family members may be deported unless they had a different reason for being in the country legally. This is due to the fact that denaturalization implies that the person never really possessed citizenship.
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Lorna and Hal have obtained a growing equity mortgage for their new home. What does that mean
Option d: Lorna and Hal have obtained a growing equity mortgage for their new home which means their loan payments will gradually increase.
A Growing Equity Mortgage (GEM) is a type of fixed rate mortgage where monthly payments increase over time according to a set schedule rather than remaining fixed for the life of the loan .
The interest rate on the loan will not change and there will be no negative amortization.
Instead, the first payment is a fully amortized payment, and as the payment increases over time, additional amounts beyond the fully amortized payment are applied directly to the remaining mortgage amount, Loan life will be shorter and overall interest savings will decrease and increase.
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Complete question:
Lorna and Hal have obtained a growing equity mortgage for their new home. What does that mean?
The loan will be distributed to them gradually.
The interest rate will increase gradually over time.
The loan term will extend gradually over time.
Their loan payments will gradually increase.
What is a local law called?
Answer:
Local laws are called ordinances
before a lawsuit begins, the court must have proof that the defendant was notified of the lawsuit.
a. true
b. false
The court must have evidence that the defendant was given notice of the action before it can proceed. (True)
Explain the court.An individual or group of people with the authority to hear and decide disputes involving civil, criminal, ecclesiastical, or military conflicts is known as a court, also referred to as a court of law. Originally only denoting "an enclosed area," the word "court" is today used to describe any room, hallway, building, or other place where legal proceedings are held.
This is about the operation of the judiciary of the government. It looks at some of the key relationships between this branch and the legislative and executive branches as well as the functions, makeup, and management of the judicial system and its most significant personnel, the judges.
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Before the 1970s, what EMS service was provided to the nation?
O one medical person to ride along in an ambulance
an ambulance driver who knew first aid
O only ambulance service with a stretcher
O a team of at least two EMTS-most of who have the training 2-weeks requirement
Prior to the 1970s, EMS were the main providers of ambulance services, and the quality of their training and the services they offered varied greatly across the country.
What were the ambulance services provided by EMS?The ambulance service typically consisted of a driver who was familiar with basic first aid, however occasionally a single medical professional would accompany the ambulance. The majority of ambulances simply had a stretcher on board, and the service was often centered on taking patients from the scene of an accident or illness to a hospital.Although not perfect, this method frequently resulted in patients receiving subpar or even detrimental care while being transported, and frequently the patient's health would worsen before arriving at the hospital.To know more about ambulance services, refer:
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Why did the Supreme Court hear Furman v. Georgia?
It accepts appeals against decisions made by the High Courts and other tribunals, courts, and courts.
The death sentence is unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment when it is applied arbitrarily and capriciously and results in discriminatory outcomes, according to the Supreme Court's ruling in Furman v. Georgia. It accepts appeals against decisions made by the High Courts and other tribunals, courts, and courts. It resolves conflicts between various authorities, between national governments, and between the center and any national authority. In its consultative capacity, it also hears topics that the President refers to it. The SC may also pursue lawsuits against motorcycles (on its own). In addition to the national governments, the SC's ruling is binding on all Indian courts as well as those at the Union.
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Which of the following issues and laws were addressed in the export expansion section of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act?
- export controls
- promotion of exports
- the Sherman Antitrust Act
- the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Option- a, b &d: promotion of exports, export controls and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act were addressed in the export expansion section of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act
The Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act was designed to address seemingly unfair trade practices, effectively manage trade deficits, and help businesses become more competitive internationally.
The Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act was designed to address seemingly unfair trade practices, effectively manage trade deficits, and help businesses become more competitive internationally.
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A harh drought killed ome of the farm family’ corn and everal head of it cattle. Where on the production poibilitie curve could you poition a point to reflect thee circumtance?
A harsh drought killed some of the farm family’s corn and several head of it cattle. So, on the inside of the production possibilities curve you could poition a point in order to reflect these circumtances.
The production possibilities curve (PPC) is considered to be a graph which tends to show all of the different combinations of the output that can be produced when given the current resources and technology.
However, in order to reflect such circumtances, you could poition a point on the inside of the production poibilities curve. Thus, the slope of the production possibility curve is considered to be the marginal opportunity cost.Hence, the production possibility curve is concave to the origin.
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Harvey, a resident of Indiana, has an accident with Janette, a resident of Kentucky, while driving through that state. Janette files a suit against Harvey in Kentucky. Regarding Harvey, Kentucky has
a. diversity jurisdiction.
b. in personam jurisdiction.
c. in rem jurisdiction.
d. no jurisdiction.
In regard to Harvey, Kentucky court has 'In personam jurisdiction', which means option B is the right answer.
Since the accident between Harvey and Janette took place in the bordering area of Kentucky, so it is obvious that the jurisdiction will lie with the Kentucky court. The term 'In personam' means that a judgment can be made enforceable against the person wherever he/she is (in any place). It is a law which counts designated actions to be taken against the guilty after filing a summon for that person. It is a general jurisdiction, wherein the court has the authority to determine the rights and liabilities of the party in lawsuit. Thus in this case, the punishment can be levied against Harvey for the inconvenience caused to Janette.
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