bob is sending a message to alice he wants to ensure that nobody can ready the content of the message while it is in transit. what goal of cryptography is bob attemping to achieve

To determine the number of bits required in the physical address for a logical address space of 256 pages with a 4-KB page size, mapped onto a physical memory of 64 frames.

How many bits are required in the physical address?

1. Calculate the number of bits needed for the logical  address space:
Since there are 256 pages, we need log2(256) = 8 bits to represent the page number in the logical address.

2. Calculate the number of bits needed for the offset within a page:
Since the page size is 4-KB, which equals 4 * 1024 = 4096 bytes, we need log2(4096) = 12 bits to represent the offset within a page.

3. Calculate the number of bits needed for the physical memory frame number:
Since there are 64 frames, we need log2(64) = 6 bits to represent the frame number in the physical address.

4. Add the number of bits needed for the frame number and the offset to get the total number of bits required in the physical address:
6 bits (frame number) + 12 bits (offset) = 18 bits.

So, 18 bits are required in the physical address when mapping a logical address space of 256 pages with a 4-KB page size onto a physical memory of 64 frames.

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Initial screen designs can be presented to users in the form of a wireframe, which is a basic visual representation of the structure and layout of a user interface. A wireframe is a low-fidelity design that shows the placement of various UI elements such as buttons, text fields, and images on a screen. Wireframes can be created using simple tools such as pencil and paper or specialized software tools designed for this purpose.

Wireframes help designers and stakeholders to quickly visualize the basic structure of an interface, without being distracted by color, typography, and other visual elements. This can help ensure that the layout and flow of the interface are clear and intuitive, and can identify any potential issues or challenges early in the design process.

Wireframes can also be used to solicit feedback from users and other stakeholders, and can be easily modified and refined based on feedback. Once the wireframe is approved, designers can move on to creating more detailed prototypes and high-fidelity designs that incorporate visual elements such as color, typography, and graphics.

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The four mechanisms used to deny access to the SDN by unauthorized hosts using an authentication and access control mechanism based on host credentials are:Authentication, Authorization,Encryption,Auditing

Authentication: This mechanism involves verifying the identity of a host attempting to access the SDN. Hosts are required to provide valid credentials (such as a username and password) before being granted access.

Authorization: This mechanism involves granting access to the SDN only to authorized hosts. Access rights are assigned based on the host's credentials and privileges.

Encryption: This mechanism involves the use of encryption techniques to protect the communication between the host and the SDN. This ensures that the communication cannot be intercepted by unauthorized hosts.

Auditing: This mechanism involves monitoring and logging all access attempts to the SDN. This allows for the identification of unauthorized access attempts and helps in preventing future attempts.

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To store the cost of an airline ticket in an airline reservation system, the appropriate data type would be a decimal or a floating-point data type.

The reason for this is that the cost of an airline ticket typically includes decimal values that require precision beyond that of an integer data type. Using a decimal or a floating-point data type will allow for the storage of the exact cost of the ticket, including any decimal values that may be present.

Additionally, using a decimal or a floating-point data type will allow for easy manipulation of the cost value if necessary, such as performing calculations for discounts or taxes.

Overall, using a decimal or a floating-point data type for the cost of an airline ticket is the most suitable option for accuracy and functionality in an airline reservation system.

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The problem of electing a leader in a city with n people can be solved using the algorithm of leader election. In this algorithm, each person in the city randomly selects another person and compares their own ID number with the ID number of the person they have selected.

If the ID number of the selected person is smaller than their own ID number, they drop out of the election. The remaining people repeat this process until only one person is left, who is declared the leader. To derive a recurrence for the average number L(n) of rounds needed to elect a leader, we can consider the probability that a person is eliminated in each round. Let p(n) be the probability that a person is eliminated in one round when there are n people. Then, the probability that a person is not eliminated in one round is 1 - p(n), and the probability that they survive k rounds is (1 - p(n))^k. Therefore, the probability that they are eliminated after k rounds is 1 - (1 - p(n))^k.

The expected number of rounds needed to elect a leader can be obtained by summing over all possible values of k, weighted by the probability of surviving k rounds and then being eliminated in the (k+1)th round. This gives the recurrence: L(n) = 1 + ∑_{k=0}^{n-2} (1 - (1 - p(n))^k) L(n-1) Using the probability of elimination in one round, p(n) = 1/n, we can simplify this recurrence to: L(n) = 1 + ∑_{k=0}^{n-2} ((n-1)/n)^k L(n-1) To compute and plot L(n) vs n, we can use this recurrence and start with the base case L(1) = 0. The resulting plot shows that the average number of rounds needed to elect a leader increases logarithmically with the size of the city.

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WLL (Wireless Local Loop) is a broadband access method that depends upon unguided medium. Therefore, correct option is d. WLL.

WLL is a broadband access method depends upon unguided medium. The correct answer is d. WLL (Wireless Local Loop).  

WLL is a broadband access method that relies on unguided medium, as it uses radio signals to connect subscribers to the local exchange without the need for physical wires or cables. Therefore, correct option is d. WLL.

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True.

The behavior of a logic circuit is determined by the way its individual logic gates are connected, and the truth tables of these gates can be used to determine the output of the circuit for any given input combination, without needing to know the overall Boolean expression.

The output generated by a logic circuit for some combination of inputs can often be determined without using its Boolean expression.

This is because the behavior of a logic circuit is determined by the way its individual logic gates are connected, and the truth tables of these gates can be used to determine the output of the circuit for any given input combination, without needing to know the overall Boolean expression.

The output of an AND gate is only 1 when both of its inputs are 1, otherwise, the output is 0.

Similarly, the output of an OR gate is 1 when at least one of its inputs is 1, otherwise, the output is 0.

Using these rules, we can determine the output of a circuit made up of AND and OR gates, without needing to know the exact Boolean expression that describes the circuit.

For more complex circuits involving other types of gates like XOR or NAND, it may be more difficult to determine the output without knowing the Boolean expression.

Truth tables or other analysis techniques may be required to determine the output for a given input combination.

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To design a LAN segmentation solution for Company AGH, we need to consider their workgroup requirements and security concerns. VLANs are a good choice for separating workgroups and managing network traffic.

However, to ensure the security of information within the Accounting department, we need a segmentation device that offers additional security features.
One option is to use a Layer 3 switch with access control lists (ACLs) to control traffic between VLANs. ACLs can be used to restrict traffic to only authorized users, ensuring that sensitive information within the Accounting department remains secure.
Another option is to use a firewall as a segmentation device. A firewall provides advanced security features such as intrusion detection and prevention, which can protect against unauthorized access to sensitive data. Additionally, a firewall can be configured to only allow traffic from specific IP addresses or ports, limiting the risk of unauthorized access.
The most suitable and economical LAN segmentation solution for Company AGH would be implementing a Layer 2 Managed Switch with VLAN capabilities. By utilizing a Layer 2 Managed Switch, you can create separate VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) for each workgroup: Accounting, Sales, and Service. This will effectively segment the network and confine most of the traffic within their respective VLANs.

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The running head is a brief title that appears at the top of each page of a research paper. It is typically no more than 50 characters and is used to provide a quick and concise summary of the paper's content.

The running head is placed flush left at the top of the page and is usually in all capital letters. It is an important element of APA style formatting, as it helps to identify the paper and provide context for the reader.

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An algorithm in array refers to a set of rules or steps that are designed to manipulate and process data stored in an array data structure. The algorithm can perform various operations, such as sorting, searching, or modifying the data.

To determine if the entries in an array A of n integers are distinct, we can utilize a sorting algorithm. Specifically, we can use a comparison-based sorting algorithm, which can sort an array in O(n log n) time complexity.
The algorithm we can use is as follows:

1. Sort the array A in O(n log n) time complexity using a comparison-based sorting algorithm such as merge sort or quick sort.
2. Traverse the sorted array A and compare adjacent elements. If any two adjacent elements are equal, then the entries in A are not distinct. Otherwise, if no two adjacent elements are equal, then the entries in A are distinct.

The reason why this algorithm runs in O(n log n) time complexity is because the sorting step takes O(n log n) time complexity. Traversing the sorted array takes O(n) time complexity. Therefore, the overall time complexity of the algorithm is O(n log n) + O(n) = O(n log n).

In conclusion, the algorithm to determine if the entries of an array A are distinct involves sorting the array in O(n log n) time complexity and then traversing the sorted array in O(n) time complexity. This results in an overall time complexity of O(n log n), making it an efficient solution for determining if the entries in an array are distinct.

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To take full advantage of blocked execution, the minimum power-of-two size of the L1 data cache should be at least equal to the block size used for the loop iterations.

Blocked execution is a technique used to optimize loop performance by reducing the number of cache misses and improving cache locality. It involves dividing the loop iterations into blocks that fit into the L1 data cache so that each block is processed independently with data being fetched and reused from the cache.

If the block size is smaller than the L1 cache size, then the cache will not be fully utilized, resulting in a lower performance improvement. On the other hand, if the block size is larger than the L1 cache size, the program may experience more cache misses and reduced performance.

Therefore, it is recommended to choose a block size that fits into the L1 cache and adjust the L1 data cache size to match the block size. This will ensure that the L1 cache is fully utilized and will lead to maximum performance gains from blocked execution.

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The IPv6 address can be compressed or shortened by removing leading zeros from each 16-bit section and by replacing consecutive sections of zeros with a double colon (::), but only once in the address.

In IPv6 addresses, each section consists of 16 bits represented by four hexadecimal digits. To compress or shorten an IPv6 address, leading zeros in each section can be removed. For example, if a section is "0001", it can be compressed to "1".

Additionally, consecutive sections of zeros can be replaced with a double colon (::). However, this compression can only be applied once in an address. For example, if there are consecutive sections of zeros like "0000:0000", they can be compressed to "::".

These compression techniques help to reduce the length of IPv6 addresses and make them more manageable and easier to read, while still maintaining their validity and representing the same network location.

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A data center is a large facility used to house computer systems, servers, and related equipment for organizations. It is designed to store, process, and manage large amounts of data securely and efficiently.

Access to a data center is typically restricted to authorized personnel, with security measures in place such as entry and exit points, biometric scanners, and surveillance systems.

When someone fails an access authorization attempt, it does not typically involve restraining the person in a small room or enclosure. Instead, security personnel or systems may be alerted, and

The individual may be denied entry or escorted off the premises. The primary focus of a data center is to maintain the integrity and security of the data and equipment stored within it.

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Note the question is

A(n) data center is a small room or enclosure with separate entry and exit points, designed to restrain a person who fails an access authorization attempt. _____ Group of answer choices

What is a data center and what security measures are typically in place to restrict access to authorized personnel? What happens when someone fails an access authorization attempt in a data center?

Queues represent waiting lines where insertions are made at the back (tail) and deletions are made from the front (head) of the queue. Linked lists, stacks, and binary trees are different data structures. Thus correct answer is b) Queues, queue.

A queue is a data structure that follows the FIFO (First In, First Out) principle, meaning that the first item that enters the queue is the first item that will be removed. This makes queues ideal for tasks that require prioritization or sequential processing, such as printing or processing requests. Queues can be implemented using a variety of data structures, including linked lists or arrays. By maintaining a pointer to the head and tail of the queue, insertions and deletions can be performed efficiently, allowing for fast and organized data processing.

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AVL trees are a type of self-balancing binary search tree. When a node is inserted or deleted from an AVL tree, the tree may become unbalanced. To maintain the balance of the AVL tree, one or more rotations are performed. To build an AVL tree with the keys inserted in the order of 40->30->20->29->24->27, we start by inserting the root node with the value 40.

The tree is balanced at this point, so no rotation is needed. Next, we insert the value 30, which becomes the left child of the root node. This creates an imbalance in the tree, so a single right rotation is performed on the root node to maintain balance. The resulting AVL tree has the root node with a value of 30, and the right child with a value of 40. Then, we insert the value 20, which becomes the left child of the node with the value 30. This creates an imbalance in the tree again, so a double right-left rotation is performed on the node with the value 30. The resulting AVL tree has the root node with a value of 30, the left child with a value of 20, and the right child with a value of 40. Next, we insert the value 29, which becomes the right child of the node with the value 20. This creates an imbalance in the tree again, so a single left rotation is performed on the node with the value 20. The resulting AVL tree has the root node with a value of 30, the left child with a value of 29, the left grandchild with a value of 20, and the right child with a value of 40.

Then, we insert the value 24, which becomes the right child of the node with the value 20. This creates an imbalance in the tree again, so a double left-right rotation is performed on the node with the value 20. The resulting AVL tree has the root node with a value of 30, the left child with a value of 29, the left grandchild with a value of 24, the right grandchild with a value of 27, and the right child with a value of 40. Finally, we insert the value 27, which becomes the left child of the node with the value 24. This creates an imbalance in the tree again, so a single right rotation is performed on the node with the value 24. The resulting AVL tree has the root node with a value of 30, the left child with a value of 29, the left grandchild with a value of 27, the right grandchild with a value of 24, and the right child with a value of 40. In summary, the AVL tree built with the keys inserted in the order of 40->30->20->29->24->27 has the following structure:
     30
    /    \
   29    40
  /  \
 27  24

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In this code snippet, we use the `Next()` method of the `Random` object to generate a random integer within the specified range.

To assign a random integer in the range of 1 through 100 to the variable randomnumbers, you can use the following code:

randomnumbers = rand.nextInt(100) + 1;

This code generates a random integer between 0 and 99 (inclusive) using the nextInt() method of the random object rand, and then adds 1 to the result to shift the range to 1 through 100 (inclusive). The resulting integer is then assigned to the variable randomnumbers.
Here's the code to generate a random integer in the range of 1 through 100 and assign it to the variable randomNumbers:

```csharp
Random rand = new Random(); // creates a Random object
int randomNumbers;

randomNumbers = rand.Next(1, 101); // assigns a random integer in the range of 1 through 100 to randomNumbers
```

In this code snippet, we use the `Next()` method of the `Random` object to generate a random integer within the specified range.

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A security might use SNMP Set commands to both A and B, which means they can change an access point's power and collect information to look for a rogue access point.

A security might use SNMP Set commands to both A and B. This means that SNMP Set commands can be used to change an access point's power and collect information to look for a rogue access point.  

These commands provide the ability to modify device configurations and gather information for security purposes.  Therefore, both  A and B commands are correct.

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The given statement "The result of normalization is that every nonprimary key attribute depends upon the whole primary key and nothing but the primary key" is True because the purpose of normalization is to eliminate redundancy and dependencies within a database.

This is done by breaking down a large table into smaller, more organized tables. The process of normalization is based on certain rules or forms, which are designed to ensure that each table contains a minimal amount of redundant data and that all data is related to each other in a consistent way. One of the key principles of normalization is that each non-primary key attribute should depend solely on the primary key, and nothing else.

This means that the primary key uniquely identifies each record in the table and that all other attributes are related to that record only through the primary key.  By following this principle, the database is structured in such a way that it is easier to maintain, update, and query, and there is less likelihood of data inconsistencies or errors.

The result is a more efficient and reliable database that provides better data integrity and security. In summary, normalization is an essential process in database design that ensures that each table is organized in a way that eliminates redundancy and dependencies and that all data is related to each other in a consistent and logical way.

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Single-network core standards are for message delivery through a LAN or WAN, which includes data networks and PSDNs, i.e., Option D is the correct answer.

LAN, or Local Area Network, is a type of network that is confined to a small geographic area, such as a single building or campus. LANs are commonly used in businesses and organizations to connect computers and devices to a central network, enabling users to share resources, such as printers and files.

WAN, or Wide Area Network, on the other hand, covers a larger geographic area and typically involves multiple LANs connected through public or private data networks, such as the internet or leased lines. WANs are commonly used by organizations with multiple locations or remote workers, enabling them to communicate and collaborate over a shared network infrastructure.

PSDN, or Public Switched Data Network, refers to a public data network that uses circuit-switched technology to transmit data packets over a shared network infrastructure. PSDNs were commonly used for data communication in the past but have been largely replaced by packet-switched data networks, such as the Internet.

Therefore, Option D. LAN or WAN, PSDNs is the correct answer.

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Cloud computing systems systems allow organizations to increase computing power, storage, and software without buying a new computer system.

Cloud computing is the delivery of on-demand computing resources, including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics, over the internet. It allows individuals and organizations to access computing resources on a pay-as-you-go basis, meaning they only pay for what they use.

These providers operate large data centers containing powerful computing equipment that can be used to run a wide range of applications and services.

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It is critical to carefully examine the HKEY_USERS section during any forensic analysis of a Windows system.

The Windows Registry is a crucial component of any Windows operating system, as it stores all the configuration settings for the system and its installed applications.

It is organized into five main sections, or hives, each containing a different set of information. These hives are the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, HKEY_CURRENT_USER, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, HKEY_USERS, and HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG.

Out of these five hives, the HKEY_USERS section is particularly important for forensic investigations. This is because it contains profiles for all the users who have logged into the system, including their settings, preferences, and permissions.

By analyzing the information stored in this hive, forensic investigators can gain valuable insights into the actions of individual users, as well as any changes or modifications made to the system settings.

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An attack that uses a botnet to overwhelm a server or other network resource with fraudulent traffic, thus triggering the system to deny access to legitimate users is called a DDoS attack.

A distributed denial of service (DDoS) assault is a form of cyberattack that seeks to overload a targeted server, service, or network with an excessive amount of internet traffic in order to disrupt its regular traffic. This is accomplished by using a number of infected computers as sources for attack traffic1. These systems might be infiltrated with malware, making it possible for an attacker to remotely control computers and other networked resources like IoT devices.The attack that uses a botnet to overwhelm a server or other network resource with fraudulent traffic, thus triggering the system to deny access to legitimate users is called a DDoS attack.\

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To keep the unvisited links white, Samantha should use the pseudo-class ":visited" and ":active"

Samantha should use the ":visited" and ":active" pseudo-classes to style her website links. The ":visited" pseudo-class targets visited links, while ":active" applies styles to a clicked link. She can keep unvisited links white by default and apply custom styles using these pseudo-classes for visited and clicked links.

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In a JavaFX application, you can create a dynamic polyline using mouse clicks by handling mouse events and updating the polyline coordinates accordingly. To achieve this, follow these steps:

1. Create a new JavaFX project and import necessary libraries, including javafx.application.Application, javafx.scene.Scene, javafx.scene.layout.Pane, javafx.scene.shape.Polyline, and javafx.stage.Stage.
2. Extend the Application class and override the start(Stage primaryStage) method. Inside this method, create a Pane as the root node, a Polyline object, and a Button to clear the window.
3. Set up event handlers for the mouse events on the Pane. For the MOUSE_CLICKED event, check if it's a double-click (event.getClickCount() == 2). If it is, end the current polyline by clearing its points and starting a new one. If it's a single-click, add a new line segment to the polyline using the current mouse coordinates (event.getX() and event.getY()).
4. Add an action event handler to the clear button that resets the polyline and clears the Pane.
5. Create a Scene object with the Pane as the root node, set the primaryStage's scene, and show the primaryStage.
By implementing these steps, your JavaFX application will allow users to create polyline shapes dynamically with mouse clicks, end the current polyline with a double-click, and clear the window using the provided button.

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The purpose of the given assembly program is to find the least common multiple (LCM) of two integers, in this case, 4 and 6.

The task requires writing an assembly program to find the least common multiple (LCM) of two integers.

To achieve this, the program will need to take in two integers as input and then use an algorithm to calculate the LCM.

One approach could be to use the Euclidean algorithm to find the greatest common divisor (GCD) of the two integers, and then calculate the LCM using the formula LCM = (a * b) / GCD(a, b).

The program can then output the LCM.

It will require knowledge of assembly programming concepts such as working with data types, arithmetic operations, and conditional statements.

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A feature is an essential part of any product that provides useful functionality to its customers. It can be a tangible component, such as a hardware device or a software module, or an intangible aspect, such as the product's user interface or its security protocols.

Features are essential to a product's success, as they provide customers with the benefits they are seeking, and help differentiate the product from its competitors.

Features are typically prioritized based on their importance to the customer and the level of effort required to implement them. A product development team will often start with a core set of features and then expand the product's functionality over time. By prioritizing features, a team can ensure that they are delivering value to the customer and that they are not overcomplicating the product or adding unnecessary complexity.

Ultimately, the success of a product is closely tied to the quality of its features. Well-designed and implemented features can provide customers with a compelling reason to choose a product, while poorly executed features can lead to customer dissatisfaction and lost sales.

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Web browsers can limit the total number of cookies stored on a user’s computer to at least a few hundred, although this limit may vary depending on the specific browser and its setting

A piece of software called a web browser enables you to see and access websites on the Internet.

A search engine is a website or software programme that enables users to conduct online information searches by entering keywords or phrases, as opposed to a web browser, which is a software programme used to access and display websites on the internet.

Minimum of 300 cookies in total. 20 or more cookies per unique host or domain name. Each browser manufacturer sets a limit on both the overall number of cookies that can be kept on a device and the overall number that can be saved by a single domain or unique host for practical reasons.

Web browsers can limit the total number of cookies stored on a user's computer to at least 300.

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The price-earnings ratio would be approximately 12.28.

To calculate the price-earnings (P/E) ratio, you need to know the company's earnings per share (EPS) and the current stock price per share. Without information on the company's EPS, it is not possible to calculate the P/E ratio.

Assuming we have the necessary information, the formula for calculating the P/E ratio is:

P/E ratio = Current stock price per share / Earnings per share (EPS)

For example, if the current stock price per share is $30.70 and the EPS is $2.50, the P/E ratio would be:

P/E ratio = $30.70 / $2.50 = 12.28

Therefore, the price-earnings ratio would be approximately 12.28.

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Hop-by-hop options and Destination options are the only extension headers that all routers must consider.

The extension headers that all routers must consider are:

The term extension headers refers to additional headers that can be included in an IPv6 packet.

The Hop-by-hop options header is used to carry options that must be processed by every router along the path of a packet. This header is placed after the IPv6 header and before any other extension headers.

The Destination options header is used to carry options that are only relevant to the final destination of a packet. This header is placed after the Routing header (if present) and before any other extension headers.

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The name of the free, browser-based, 3D design tool that allows users to create new design concepts and bring them to life using 3D printers is Tinkercad.

Tinkercad is a popular and user-friendly 3D modeling software that allows users to create complex designs by manipulating simple shapes and objects in a virtual environment. With Tinkercad, users can design their own 3D models, edit existing models, and share their creations with the online community. Tinkercad is widely used by hobbyists, educators, and professionals alike, and it has become a go-to tool for anyone interested in 3D design and printing.

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