Biologists believe that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes through a process known as endosymbiosis.
According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts, the two organelles that have their own DNA and replicate independently of the cell, were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. This process is believed to have occurred around 1.5 billion years ago.
Over time, the engulfed bacteria and the host cell formed a symbiotic relationship, with the bacteria providing energy to the host cell through oxidative metabolism and the host cell providing protection and nutrients to the bacteria.
As a result of this endosymbiosis, the bacteria eventually evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts, and the host cell evolved into a eukaryotic cell with a complex internal structure and specialized organelles. This theory is supported by the similarities in the structure, function, and replication of mitochondria and chloroplasts to those of free-living bacteria.
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Dark moths began to outnumber white moths in cities after the Industrial Revolution. What is the most likely reason for this change?
Light-colored moths mutated into dark colored moths.
Light-colored moths began to die due to overpopulation.
Light-colored moths were less favored for survival in the new environment.
Light-colored moths began to turn black because of factory pollution.
However, as a result of the industrial revolution, the environment's lichen population declined, smoke and soot levels rose, and the colour of the trees seemed darker, which aided the black moths.
Why did black moth populations increase following the Industrial Revolution?Scientists have discovered the specific mutation that caused the famed blackening of moths during the Industrial Revolution. In a classic evolutionary case study, during the 1800s, a black version of the peppered moth quickly overran industrial areas of the UK.
Why do black moths outnumber white moths?As a result of his observations, field research, and aviary tests, he was able to confirm his predictions that black moth populations would increase as a result of improved camouflage and decreased predation by other insects.
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which type of mutation is most likely to undergo genetic drift in a population?
The correct choice is (a) small population. Genetic drift happens whilst random activities alternate the allele frequencies in a populace.
This is maximum in all likelihood to arise in small populations, in which small random adjustments in allele frequencies will have a sizeable impact at the populace as a whole. Two essential examples of genetic drift are the bottleneck impact, wherein populace length is significantly decreased and allele frequencies are altered, and the founder impact, wherein a small variety of organisms depart a populace to located a brand new population with a specific gene pool. Small populations generally tend to lose genetic variety extra speedy than big populations because of stochastic sampling error (i.e., genetic glide). This is due to the fact a few variations of a gene may be misplaced because of random chance, and that is much more likely to arise whilst populations are small.
Thus, the correct option is a.
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Complete question:
which type of mutation is most likely to undergo genetic drift in a population?
(a) small population.
(b) widespread population.
(c) the absence of natural selection.
(d) response to natural selection.
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to. A. Bond to actin. B. Be secreted from the motor end plate. C. Decompose D. Form cross-bridges
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a cholinergic enzyme, is mostly found in synaptic neuromuscular junctions, especially in muscles and nerves. A neurotransmitter called Efts is swiftly degraded generating vinegar and choline in the body.
Why is acetylcholinesterase necessary?How does acetylcholinesterase function? Acetylcholine is broken down by this enzyme, which prevents a solitary nerve impulse from resulting in many action potentials. The subsequent muscle action potential wouldn't happen until a new neuron action potential causes the emission of additional acetylcholine.
How does acetylcholinesterase degrade acetylcholine?Homolog digests the amide bond of acetylcholine to produce acetic acid and choline. This technique regulates the amount of acetylcholine released from nerve cells at the neuromuscular junction to prevent muscles from becoming overly tight.
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What are the different types of metabolism in humans?
Anabolism and catabolism are the two types of metabolism in humans.
Metabolism is a physiological process that occurs in the body so as to provide energy to the body to perform various bodily functions. It is a significant process to sustain life on earth. It can occur in two ways- anabolism or catabolism. The constructive processes occurring in the body are referred to as anabolism, while destructive processes are referred to as catabolism.
The anabolic pathways are the processes that helps in building complex body molecules from simpler substances and need energy for the conversion. For instance, making up of proteins from amino acids. On the other hand, catabolic pathways destruct the complex molecules into simpler substances, like that of breaking down of food. Catabolic pathways yield energy.
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Proteins make amino acids using L-amino acids, but peptidoglycan is made with D-amino acids. What are the different forms of amino acids called?
A fine sheet of Y e and D e acid amino-alternating peptidoglycan, often known as murein, makes up the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
What exactly is an amino?Histidine, isoleucine, hcl, arginine, homocysteine, phenyl, mercapto, tryptophan, and valine are the necessary amino acids. Alkylated, asparagine, aspartic acid, aspartic acid, and tyrosine are the non-essential amino acids. The monomer that compose proteins are amino acids.
An acid is what?Acids give certain dyes a reddish tint and have a sour flavour. Some body-produced acids, such as stomach acid, can support organ function. Hydrochloric acid is a kind of acid. While a basic corrosive material changes red litmus paper to blue, an acid/ substance changes red litmus paper to red. An illustration of an acidic material
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walking along a large city park on a hot summer day, you look for a cool resting place and sit down on a large rock under a willow tree, at the quiet edge of a stream. you have searched for and found an example of a ___
Walking along a large city park on a hot summer day, you look for a cool resting place and sit down on a large rock under a willow tree, at the quiet edge of a stream. you have searched for and found an example of a natural oasis.
A natural oasis is a place in a typically urban environment where nature can thrive and provide a respite from the built-up surroundings.
It is a peaceful, calming environment where people can take a break from the hustle and bustle of city life and connect with nature. In this case, the willow tree and the stream provide shade and the sound of running water, which can create a cooling effect and make the area feel more refreshing. The rock provides a place to sit and enjoy the surroundings, making it a perfect natural oasis to escape the heat of a summer day in the city.
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In 3-5 sentences, describe the different forms of evidence you might use to analyze the evolution of alligators.
About 245 billion years ago, the first Alligator ancestor was evolved.
what is evolution?A process of development of living organisms from earlier forms in the history until now, is called evolution. It can also be defined as development of organisms over time in response to their environment.
During evolution of an alligator, first alligator ancestor evolved around 245 billion years ago that is late Triassic period. Earliest alligators were Postosuchus which was different from modern alligator in three aspects:
Leg formskull shapewalking/running gaitsTherefore, above evidences describes evolution of alligators.
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which type of rna carries genetic instructions for building a specific protein?
The form of RNA that includes the statistics for creating a protein is known as messenger RNA (mRNA) as it contains the statistics, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Each kind protein has a completely unique amino acid series and a particular characteristic withinside the cell. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – a form of RNA that assists withinside the protein-making process. Three primary sorts of RNA are concerned in protein synthesis. They are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). rRNA bureaucracy ribosomes, which can be crucial in protein synthesis. A ribosome includes a big and small ribosomal subunit. Messenger RNA (mRNA) contains the genetic code from DNA in a shape that may be diagnosed to make proteins. The coding series of the mRNA determines the amino acid series withinside the protein produced.
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what is the center region that releases the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine?
If a solute has really strong bonds between its particles, would you expect the resulting solution to get hot or cold? explain your reasoning.
If a solute has really strong bonds between its particles, such as ionic bonds or covalent bonds, it would be expected that the resulting solution would get hot upon dissolution.
The dissolution process involves breaking the bonds between the solute particles and allowing the solvent molecules to surround and interact with the solute particles. In order for the solute to dissolve, the solvent molecules need to overcome the strong intermolecular forces holding the solute particles together.
This process requires energy, and when the bonds between the solute particles are particularly strong, it will take a lot of energy to break them apart.
As the solute particles are surrounded by solvent molecules, they become more stable and have lower potential energy than they did when they were in a pure state. This release of energy, known as the heat of the solution, can cause the solution to get hot.
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which leukocyte increases in number during parasitic infections?a. eosinophilsb. erythrocytec. Neutrophild. Basophil
The leukocyte eosinophils increases in number during parasitic infections.
What do you mean by infections?
Infections are diseases caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These organisms can enter the body through the skin, nose, eyes, or mouth and cause a range of symptoms, including fever, coughing, nausea, and vomiting.
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the body's immune response. When the body is infected with parasites, these cells increase in number to help fight the infection. They do this by releasing substances that attack and destroy parasites and other foreign invaders, as well as by helping to alert other parts of the immune system to the presence of the infection.
Hence, option A is correct.
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When molecules move from the area of lower concentration to the area of higher concentration and energy is used, it is called:AFiltrationBOsmosisCActive transportDPassive transport
Active transport is the transfer of molecules from a location of lower concentration to a region of greater concentration across a cell membrane.
How do cell membranes work and what are they made of?Every cell has a cell membrane, often referred to as a cell membrane, that separates the interior of the cell from the outside world. The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The cell membrane regulates the flow of substances to and from the cell.
What material comprises a cell membrane?Cell membranes of living organisms are composed of proteins and lipids. They are mostly made of lipids, therefore only select substances can flow through them. Phospholipid is the most frequent kind of lipids in the membrane. Phospholipids have two layers, either on the outside or within.
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List the basic principles of genetics that Mendel discovered in his experiments!
Mendel's experiments with pea plants, he discovered several basic principles of genetics that laid the foundation for modern genetics.
Mendel's principles include the law of segregation, the law of independent assortment, and the concept of dominant and recessive alleles.
(I) Law of segregation states that during the formation of gametes, two alleles for a gene segregate from each other, so that each gamete only carries one allele.
(II) Law of independent assortment states that segregation of alleles for one gene is independent of alleles for another gene.
Mendel also observed that some traits are dominant while others are recessive. This concept of dominant and recessive alleles explains how traits can be passed down to offspring, and how genetic disorders inherit.
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what arrangement is not seen in rod shaped cells? coccus shaped cells?
Spiral arrangement is not seen in rod-shaped cells and square arrangement is not seen in coccus-shaped cells.
What is the characteristic arrangement of rod-shaped bacterial cells?Rod-shaped bacterial cells typically arrange themselves in straight lines, clusters, or pairs, and do not exhibit a spiral arrangement.
What arrangement is not seen in coccus-shaped bacterial cells?Coccus-shaped bacterial cells typically arrange themselves in pairs, chains, or clusters, but do not exhibit a square arrangement as their spherical shape does not allow for this type of packing.
What are the possible arrangements of rod-shaped bacterial cells?Rod-shaped bacterial cells can be arranged singly, in pairs, in chains, or in clusters, but they are not arranged in a spiral configuration.
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which valves separate the atria from the ventricles
Answer: Heart valves.
Explanation: I looked it up.
Assertion :Trichonympha is a cellulose-digesting insect- gut zooflagellate. Reason: The protozoan secretes glucosidases which convert cellulose into glucose.
A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
B. Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
C. Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
D. Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
Claim: The zooflagellate Trichonompha digests cells and lives in the guts of insects. Both Assertion & Reason are accurate explanations of Assertion, and Reason seems to be the proper one.
What benefits does a Trichonympha provide for termites?Trichonympha are single-celled creatures that are one of the many different forms of endosymbionts that reside inside the termite. The enzymes required to transform the plant material in wood onto the carbohydrates and sugars that perhaps the termite may consume are found in trichonympha.
Trichonympha: Is it harmful?The relationship between Trichonympha as well as lower termites/wood roaches is extremely advantageous to both parties: Trichonympha aids in the digestion of cellulose for its host in exchange for a regular supply of nourishment and shelter. There are no diseases that Trichonympha species (or termites) transmit to plants or animals.
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What is the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a frontal lobe brain area that is thought to be involved in a variety of higher cognitive activities. This part of the brain is in charge of executive activities including decision making, problem solving, and working memory.
The DLPFC is also linked to abstract thinking, reasoning and cognitive flexibility. The DLPFC is important for behaviour control because it participates in the choosing of appropriate reactions to events as well as the suppression of incorrect responses. Since it is engaged in the processing of information related to accomplishing a certain goal, it is especially critical for the establishment and maintenance of goal-directed actions. The DLPFC also participates in the integration of information from other sources, including as sensory input, emotional states, and social signals.
The DLPFC is engaged in the selection of relevant information from the environment as well as the filtering out of irrelevant information, hence it plays a vital part in attention management. It is also important in the regulation of emotions since it inhibits emotional reactions.
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how many lymphatic trunks are normally found in the body?
a. 9
b. 10
c. 11
d. 12
If the organism has one copy of two different alleles
If the organism has one copy of two different alleles, it is said to be heterozygous for that gene. This means that the organism inherits two different versions of the gene, one from each parent.
The two different alleles can either be dominant or recessive. If one allele is dominant, it will be expressed in the organism's phenotype, while the recessive allele will be masked. However, if both alleles are recessive, the recessive trait will be expressed in the organism's phenotype.
Heterozygosity can lead to increased genetic diversity within a population, which can be beneficial for survival and adaptation to changing environments. Additionally, certain genetic disorders require two copies of the same allele to be present for the disorder to be expressed, so heterozygosity can provide protection against these disorders.
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The complete question is-
What is heterozygosity and how can it lead to increased genetic diversity and provide protection against certain genetic disorders?
What adaptation does a cactus plant have to protect itself?
Cactus plants have several adaptations to protect themselves in their arid environments, including: Spines, Thick, waxy skin, Reduced leaves, and Water storage.
Spines: Cactus plants have sharp, needle-like spines that deter animals from eating them and also help to reduce water loss by creating a barrier around the plant that reduces air flow and evaporation.Thick, waxy skin: Cactus plants have thick, waxy skin that helps to prevent water loss through transpiration.Reduced leaves: Many cactus species have reduced leaves or no leaves at all, which reduces surface area for water loss and conserves water.Water storage: Cactus plants have specialized water storage tissues, such as thick stems or enlarged roots, that allow them to store water for long periods of time and survive in arid environments.These adaptations allow cactus plants to survive in harsh, water-limited environments by reducing water loss and increasing their ability to store and conserve water.
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which of these choices is not one of the characteristics that supports the hypothesis that land plants evolved from green algae?
Living in freshwater settings is not among the traits that supports the theory claim land plants originated from green algae. Green algae as well as land plants both do.
What is green algae, exactly?Green algae are creatures that are distinguished by their whiplash-smooth flagella containing chlorophylls a and b as the primary photosynthetic pigments, starch found within the chlorophyll as the primary storage product, and these traits.
Where can you find green algae?In fresh water, green algae can be seen floating freely. The majority of species inhabit lakes, wetlands, and waterways and are minuscule. If there are enough of these algae, the entire lake may turn green and look painted. Early to midsummer is when green algal blooms are most common.
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The complete question is:
Which of these choices is not one of the characteristics that supports the hypothesis that land plants evolved from green algae?
a. Green algae and land plants both live in freshwater habitats.
b. Green algae and land plant chloroplasts contain the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a and b and the accessory pigment β-carotene.
c. The cell walls, sperm, and peroxisomes of green algae and land plants are similar in structure and composition.
d. The chloroplasts of green algae and land plants synthesize starch as a storage product.
Drag each of the labels into the appropriate position to indicate whether the item is classified as a formed element or a component of plasma.PLASMAGlucoseGamma globulinsHormonesChlorideAlbuminAntibodiesFibrinogenFORMED ELEMENTSRed blood cellsWhite blood cellsNeutrophilsErythrocytesPlateletsLeukocytesMonocytes
PLASMA Glucose, gamma globulins, hormones, chloride, albumin, antibodies, fibrinogen, FORMED ELEMENTS, Hormones Neutrophils, erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, monocytes, red blood cells, and white blood cells are all types of blood cells.
How do cells perform their tasks?They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from the diet, transform those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks. Furthermore, cells may replicate themselves and hold the body's genetic material. The various components of cells each serve a unique purpose.
How is a cell brought to life?DNA. A double-stranded DNA genome, which contains the necessary information for life, is present in every cell of all life forms and is arranged into one or more chromosomes. This DNA contains the instructions that control how an organism reproduces, consumes food, reacts to environmental cues, and performs any other typical functions.
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Why did surrealists take up Freud's ideas about the unconscious mind? Explain, citing evidence from the text and the images
The Surrealists took up Freud's ideas about the unconscious mind as a way to challenge the traditional beliefs and to explore the irrational and subconscious aspects of human experience.
Who are Surrealists?Surrealism was a cultural movement that emerged in the late 1910s and early 1920s. It was a reaction against the percieved rationalization of society and was influenced by the works of Sigmund Freud and other psychoanalytic theories.
The movement is best known for its visual artworks and writings that feature dream-like, irrational, and absurd imagery. The goal of the movement was to access the unconscious mind and reveal the innermost desires, anxieties, and conflicts of the individual. Surrealists sought to challenge the conventions of reality and representation in art and literature.
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Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was:
Why did Surrealists take up Freud's ideas about the unconscious mind? Explain, citing evidences from the text and the images.
According to the fluid mosaic model of membranes, membranes consist of:
1. a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which carbohydrates are embedded.
2. mainly phospholipids with scattered nucleic acids.
3. a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded.
4. a lipid-protein sandwich
According to the fluid mosaic model of membranes, membranes consist of a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded. Hence, the correct option is (3).
According to the fluid mosaic model, biological membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer with several proteins embedded inside them. Two layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads towards the aquatic environment and hydrophobic tails facing each other make up the lipid bilayer. The membrane's fluidity and elasticity are a result of this arrangement. The proteins that make up the membrane can have a variety of purposes, such as acting as receptors for signaling molecules or as channels through which chemicals can travel. Additionally frequently found on the membrane's exterior, where they are joined to lipids or proteins, carbohydrates are crucial for cell recognition and interaction.
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true or false: Soil microbes from the tropics are an excellent source of new antibiotics because of the minerals present in the soil.
Soil microbes from the tropics are an excellent source of new antibiotics because of the minerals present in the soil is true.
Since the Alfisols and Ultisols make up the vast majority of tropical soils. Despite the fact that these soils are ancient and have decreased fertility, the nutrients might remain in place because of the dry season. Most of the time, the tropical rain forest receives enough rain, but the soil lacks organic matter due to the quick breakdown processes.
The soil microbes contains various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and others that aid in the decomposition of dead plants and animals. By dissolving the corpses of plants and animals into tiny particles, these bacteria aid in cleaning the environment. As they consume these dead organisms, these bacteria release nitrogenous compounds that are necessary for plant growth.
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What is the difference between superior and posterior?
In a leaf, you would expect to find tracheids in thea. Veinsb. Epidermisc. Vascular
In a leaf, you would expect to find tracheids in the (c) Vascular.
In all vascular plants, tracheids perform the functions of providing support and facilitating the upward conduction of water and dissolved minerals; they are the only elements of this kind in conifers and ferns.
Vascular plants, also known as tracheophytes or collectively as Tracheophyta, comprise a wide category of land plants that contain lignified tissues for carrying water and minerals throughout the plant. Vascular plants are classified under the phylum Tracheophyta. In addition to this, they possess a specific non-lignified tissue that is responsible for conducting the products of photosynthesis.
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having two different alleles for a particular gene are called?
Answer:
it is called heterozygous
Which of the following correctly describe(s) peptidoglycan?
- a network of many molecules that surround the cell
- a complex polymer containing both peptide and glycosidic bonds
- a single molecule
- the outer layer that protects cells from turgor pressure
Peptidoglycan is describes the outer layer that protects cells from turgor pressure. Some have an outer layer of complex polysaccharide
Polysaccharides are one of several significant types of biomolecules. Carbohydrates are composed of long monosaccharide molecule chains.
These complex biomacromolecules are both structural components of plant cells and an essential source of energy for animal cells.
Examples of polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
In the food sector, polysaccharides are employed as stabilisers and dietary fibre.
Bacteria can also create polysaccharides, such as when yoghurt is being made.
a large glucose molecule. It contains a number of small, chemically linked sugar molecules. sometimes referred to as glycosyl
A disaccharide and isomer of lactose and maltose are all common ingredients in our diet.
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100 points and brainliest to whoever is right
The complementary DNA sequence for the parent DNA strand AGTCCATG would be TCAGGTAC.
In the base pairing model of DNA replication, the complement of adenine (A) is thymine (T), and the complement of cytosine (C) is guanine (G). Therefore, for every A in the parent DNA strand, there will be a T in the complementary strand, and for every C in the parent DNA strand, there will be a G in the complementary strand.
So, the complementary DNA sequence for AGTCCATG would be TCAGGTAC.