The order of increasing boiling point be Mgbr2 < Brf5 < SbCl2 < Nh3.
What is meant by intra- and intermolecular forces?Atoms within a molecule are held together by intramolecular forces. There are forces between molecules known as intermolecular forces. Between nearby particles, there are forces of attraction or repulsion known as intermolecular forces (atoms, molecules, or ions).
It can be helpful to distinguish between intramolecular and intermolecular processes. While two or more reaction sites within the same molecule are engaged in intramolecular reactions, covalency changes occur in two distinct molecules during intermolecular reactions.
Atoms are held together to form molecules by intramolecular forces. Molecules are held together by intermolecular interactions to create solids and liquids.
Intramolecular bonds are the covalent connections that hold the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of a water molecule together.
Therefore, the correct answer is option d. Mgbr2 < Brf5 < SbCl2 < Nh3
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A patient's urine sample has a density of 1. 02 g/ml. If 1250 ml of urine was excreted by the patient in one day, what mass of urine was eliminated?.
If 1250 ml of urine was excreted by the patient in one day, then the mass of urine was eliminated is equal to 1275 grams.
Mass per unit of volume is referred to as density. Although the letter D can also be used, the ρ sign most frequently used for density is.
To calculate the substance mass , we use the equation:-
[tex]Density= \frac{mass}{volume}[/tex]
we are given:-
density of patients urine (d)= 1.02g/ml.
mass of liquid (m)= ?
volume of the patients urine (v)= 1250ml.
Put the given values in the equation to get the answer:-
[tex]\frac{m}{1250}=1.02[/tex]
⇒ [tex]m= 1.02l*1250= 1275g.[/tex]
Hence, 1275 grams of urine was eliminated.
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Select all the attractive forces associated with solid NaCl salt. Ion-dipole H-bonding London Disperson Dipole-dipole lonic bonding
The attractive forces associated with the solid NaCl salt is the Dipole-dipole force and the ionic bonding.
The NaCl is the sodium chloride , the NaCl is formed by the ionic bond and called as the ionic compound. The ionic bond is the attractive force that is formed in between the positively charged atom and the negatively charge atom. The ionic bond is formed between the atom by the complete transfer of the electrons.
The NaCl compound is the polar in nature because of the difference in the electronegativity between the sodium and the chlorine atoms, create a permanent dipole. Therefore, the dipole dipole interaction is present in the sodium chloride.
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what is the bromic acid formula?
The formula of the bromic acid is HBrO₃. IT is also called as the hydrogen bromate.
The Bromic acid, that is also known as the hydrogen bromate, is the type of the oxoacid with the molecular formula of HBrO₃. It will only exists in the aqueous solution. It is the colorless solution that will turns the yellow at the room temperature as it will decomposes to the bromine.
The bromic acid is stable only when in the very dilute solutions, it is usually produced by reaction of the barium bromate with the sulfuric acid. It is used as the oxidizing agent in the manufacture of the dyes and the pharmaceuticals.
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How to balancing a reaction ?
To balance a chemical reaction, you need to make sure that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.
Here are the steps to balance a reaction:
1. Write the unbalanced equation using the correct chemical formulas for all the reactants and products.
2. Count the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.
3. Use coefficients (numbers in front of the chemical formulas) to balance the number of atoms of each element. Start with the element that appears the least number of times in the reaction.
4. Check to make sure that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.
5. Simplify the coefficients if possible (for example, if all the coefficients are divisible by 2, divide them all by 2 to simplify).
Here is an example:
Unbalanced reaction: H₂ + O₂ → H₂O
1. Count the number of atoms of each element:
H: 2 on the left, 2 on the right
O: 2 on the left, 1 on the right
2. Use coefficients to balance the number of atoms of each element:
H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
3. Check to make sure that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation:
H: 2 on the left, 4 on the right
O: 2 on the left, 2 on the right
4. Simplify the coefficients if possible:
The coefficients are already as simple as possible, so the balanced reaction is: H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
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In H-NMR spectroscopy, which factor determines the shape of the spectra? the number of protons in the macromolecule the energy of a proton's a spin state the transition between a proton's a and B spin states the energy of a proton's B spin state
Factor which determines the shape of the spectra in NMR spectroscopy is b) transition between a proton's α and β.So,correct option is b.
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (proton NMR, hydrogen-1 NMR, or 1H NMR) is the use of atomic attractive reverberation in NMR spectroscopy as for hydrogen-1 cores inside the particles of a substance, to decide the design of its molecules.[1] In examples where regular hydrogen (H) is utilized, essentially all the hydrogen comprises of the isotope 1H (hydrogen-1; for example having a proton for a core).
Proton NMR spectra of most natural compounds are described by compound changes in the reach +14 to - 4 ppm and by turn coupling between protons. The combination bend for every proton mirrors the wealth of the singular protons.Basic particles have straightforward spectra. The range of ethyl chloride comprises of a trio at 1.5 ppm and a group of four at 3.5 ppm in a 3:2 proportion. The range of benzene comprises of a solitary top at 7.2 ppm because of the diamagnetic ring current.
Hence,correct option is b.
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(Complete question) is:
In NMR spectroscopy, which factor determines the shape of the spectra?
a)the energy of a proton's β spin state
b)the transition between a proton's α and β spin states
c)the number of protons in the macromolecule
d)the energy of a proton's α spin state
What is a reagent in a chemical reaction?
Generally a reagent can be defined as a compound or mixture that is basically added to a system to start or test a chemical reaction.
A reagent is generally defined as a compound or mixture which is added to a system in order to start or quality check a chemical reaction. A reagent can basically be used to determine the presence or absence of a specific chemical substance in certain reactions which are triggered by the binding of reagents with the substance and other related substances.
Also a reagent can be defined as an integral part of any chemical reaction. A reagent is basically a substance or compound that can facilitate a reaction tremendously, and they are used in most widely in almost every tests. Let's consider an example of, pregnancy tests, blood glucose tests, and most COVID-19 test kits.
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how to calculate moles to atoms?
The moles to the atom is that 1 atom of the substance is equals to the 1/ 6.022 × 10²³ moles.
The value of the mole is exactly equal to the number of the atoms in the exactly 12 grams of the pure carbon-12. The 12.00 g C-12 is equals to the 1 mol C-12 atoms and this equals to the 6.022 × 10²³ atoms . The number of particles of the substance in the 1 mole is called as the Avogadro's Number.
The Avogadro's number = 6.022 × 10²³
The number of the moles to the atoms = 1/ 6.022 × 10²³ moles.
The number of the moles is also expressed as :
The number of the moles = mass / molar mass
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How do you know if protic and aprotic solvents are polar?
Protic and aprotic solvents are polar due to the presence of hydrogen bonding and presence of polar bond that is carbonyl group, C = O, respectively.
A solvent is a substance that forms a solution by dissolving a solute in it. Two main categories of solvents are : polar and nonpolar. A polar aprotic solvent is a type of solvent that leave an acidic proton. Such solvents lack Hydrogen ion in form of hydroxyl and amine groups. . They are polar because of presence of polar bonds like carbonyl group, C=O. Examples of polar aprotic solvents are chloroform, acetone, etc. On the other hand, the polar protic solvents do not serve as proton donors in hydrogen bonding, although they can be proton acceptors. Polar protic solvents have highly polar nature due to hydrogen bonding in form of OH or NH group. Examples are of polar protic solvents like Water, ethanol, methanol, ammonia, acetic acid, etc.
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What is the atomic mass of NH3?
Azane (NH3) atomic mass of NH3 is 17.03 atomic mass units.
NH3 is the chemical formula for ammonia, which consists of one nitrogen atom (N) and three hydrogen atoms (H). To calculate the atomic mass of NH3, we can add up the atomic masses of each of its constituent atoms.
The atomic mass of nitrogen (N) is approximately 14.01 atomic mass units (amu), and the atomic mass of hydrogen (H) is approximately 1.008 amu. the atomic mass of one molecule of NH3 is:
= (1 x 14.01 amu) + (3 x 1.008 amu)
= 17.03 amu
So, the atomic mass of NH3 is approximately 17.03 atomic mass units.
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How do you read Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry?
Take up the book to read, look over the contents, read the introduction and conclusion, and then read a few sections from the main body. Finally, since this is your first reading, read the book cover to cover without making any notes or checking anything up.
To read Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry, you should follow these steps:
1. Begin by reading the introduction to each chapter to get an overview of the main concepts and themes that will be covered.
2. Look at the chapter headings and subheadings to get an idea of the organization of the material.
3. Pay attention to any diagrams or tables that are included, as these can help to visualize complex concepts.
4. Take notes as you read, and make sure to highlight any key terms or important concepts.
5. Practice problems and review questions at the end of each chapter can also help to reinforce your understanding of the material.
By following these steps, you can effectively read and understand Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry.
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If 5 moles of hydrogen gas reacts with excess nitrogen gas, how many grams of ammonia gas will be produced?
The mass (in grams) of ammonia, NH₃ that will be produced when 5 moles of hydrogen reacts is 56.61 grams
How do I determine the mass of ammonia produced?First, we shall obtain the moles of ammonia produce from the reaction. Details below:
N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) -> 2NH₃(g)
From the balanced equation above,
3 moles of H₂ reacted to produce 2 moles of NH₃
Therefore,
5 moles of H₂ will react to produce = (5 × 2) / 3 = 3.33 moles of NH₃
Finally, we shall determine the mass of ammonia, NH₃ produced from the reaction. Details below:
Mole of ammonia, NH₃ = 3.33 moles Molar mass of ammonia, NH₃ = 17 g/mol Mass of ammonia, NH₃ =?Mole = mass / molar mass
Cross multiply
Mass = Mole × molar mass
Mass of ammonia, NH₃ = 3.33 × 17
Mass of ammonia, NH₃ = 56.61 grams
Thus, the mass of ammonia, NH₃ is 56.61 grams
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What is the mole fraction of i2 in a solution made by dissolving 83. 4 g of i2 in 245 g of hexane, c6h14?.
The mole fraction of I2 in the solution is 0.218 which is made by dissolving 83. 4 g of i2 in 245 g of hexane, c6h14.
The mole fraction of a solute in a solution can be calculated by dividing the number of moles of the solute by the total number of moles of solute and solvent in the solution. To find the number of moles of I2, we first need to convert the mass of I2 to moles using its molecular weight. The molecular weight of I2 is 253.80 g/mol, so the number of moles of I2 is
83.4 g / 253.80 g/mol = 0.329 moles.To find the number of moles of hexane, we use the same calculation. The molecular weight of hexane is 86.18 g/mol, so the number of moles of hexane is:
245 g / 86.18 g/mol = 2.84 moles.
To find the mole fraction of I2, we divide the number of moles of I2 by the total number of moles, which is 0.329 moles / (0.329 moles + 2.84 moles) = 0.218.
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Consider the directing effects of the substiuents on salicylamide and predict the possible structures of hte iodination products. Whichdo you think will be the major products?
The amide is the meta directing group. The possible structures of the iodination products are 2-hydroxy-5-iodobenzamide and 2-hydroxy-3-iodobenzamide The major product is 2-hydroxy-5-iodobenzamide.
The hydroxyl group is present on the ring is an activating ring which directs the electrophile to ortho position and the para position. The amide group is the electron withdrawing group which will shows the meta directing effect.
The iodination of the salicylamide generates the two products according to the directing effects that are the 2-hydroxy-5-iodobenzamide and the 2-hydroxy-3-iodobenzamide. From the two products , the 2-hydroxy-5-iodobenzamide is the major product. The reason is because of the steric hindrance.
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Does brass have a high density?
Answer: density of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 g/cm3 (0.303 to 0.315 lb/cu in).
Menthol, C10H200, is a compound often
used in creams and lotions for muscle
aches. If there are 10.0 grams of menthol
in a cream, how many hydrogen atoms
are in the menthol sample?
[?] x 10¹²] atoms H
Enter the coefficient in the green blank and the
exponent in the yellow blank. Report your answer
to the appropriate number of significant figures!
Coefficient (green)
Exponent (yellow)
Enter
There are approximately 1.28 x 10²³ hydrogen atoms in 10.0 grams of menthol.
What is menthol?Menthol is chemical compound that is found naturally in peppermint and other similar plants.
molar mass of menthol = (10 x 12.01) + (20 x 1.01) + (2 x 15.99) = 156.27 g/mol
moles of menthol = mass of menthol / molar mass of menthol
moles of menthol = 10.0 g / 156.27 g/mol = 0.0639 mol
number of hydrogen atoms = moles of menthol x number of hydrogen atoms per mole
So, number of hydrogen atoms = 0.0639 mol x 20 = 1.28 mol
Therefore, there are approximately 1.28 x 10²³ hydrogen atoms in 10.0 grams of menthol.
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1.80 g of an oxide contained 1.40 g of the metal, and 4.50 g of another sample of the oxide contained 3.50 g of the metal. Show that these figures agree with the law of constant composition.
1.80 g of an oxide contained 1.40 g of the metal, and 4.50 g of another sample of the oxide contained 3.50 g of the metal. The Percentage of oxygen is the same in both the above cases. So the law of constant composition is illustrated.
What is the law of constant composition ?The law of definite proportions, also known as Proust's law or the rule of constant composition, states that a chemical compound's components are always contained in a fixed ratio regardless of the source or method of formation (by mass).
Given :
First sample
Oxide = 1.80 g
Oxide contained = 1.40 g
Oxide present = 1.80 - 1.40 = 0.4
Percentage of oxygen in oxide = (0.4)(100%) / 1.80 = 22.22%
Second sample
Oxide = 4.50 g
Oxide contained = 3.50 g
Oxide present = 4.50 - 3.50 = 1
Percentage of oxygen in oxide = (1)(100%) / 4.50 = 22.22%
Thus, the Percentage of oxygen is the same in both the above cases. So the law of constant composition is illustrated.
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What contribution did John Dalton make to atomic theory? a. He discovered that every atom was positively charged. b. He discovered that atoms had nuclei. c. He discovered that every element consisted of one type of atom. d. He discovered that atoms could be divided into smaller parts.
John Dalton's main contribution to atomic theory was the idea that every element consisted of one type of atom. Option C is correct.
In the early 19th century, John Dalton proposed that all matter is made up of small, indivisible particles called atoms. He also suggested that atoms of the same element are identical in their physical and chemical properties, and that atoms of different elements combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds.
While Dalton's atomic theory was not completely correct (for example, atoms can be divided into smaller parts, as in the case of subatomic particles), it was an important step in the development of modern atomic theory.
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Is NH4+ polar or nonpolar?
The NH4+ molecule is polar.
Polar molecules are those that have an uneven distribution of charge, resulting in a positive and negative side. Nonpolar molecules, on the other hand, have an even distribution of charge and do not have distinct positive or negative sides.
In the case of NH4+, the molecule has a positive charge due to the presence of an extra hydrogen atom. This extra hydrogen atom creates an uneven distribution of charge, making the molecule polar.
Additionally, the four hydrogen atoms are arranged in a tetrahedral shape around the central nitrogen atom, further contributing to the molecule's polarity. Therefore, NH4+ is a polar molecule.
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Barium metal was quantitatively precipitated from a 1.52 g sample of BaCl2â2H2O. The mass of the barium that was collected was 0.844 g. Calculate the experimental mass percent of barium in the sample.Calculate the theoretical mass percent of barium in BaCl2â2H2O.
This same sample's experimental mass percentage containing barium is 55.526.
What does barium do to the body?Barium compounds which dissolved in water or the stomach when consumed in very large quantities might cause human paralysis or heart rhythm abnormalities. Some people who consumed or drank a significant amount of barium but failed to seek medical attention immediately perished.
Given that a 1.52 g sample of BaCl22H2O quantitatively precipitated barium metal.
This barium that was gathered had a mass of 0.844 g.
We must ascertain the sample's experiment mass percent of barium
Let the barium content be expressed as x/100.
x/100×1.52=0.844
0.0152x=0.844
x=55.526
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Cecile packages snack mix at a health food store. She uses 13 1 3 of her supply of sunflower seeds to make a salted snack mix and 29 2 9 of her supply to make an unsalted snack mix. If cecile uses 10 pounds of sunflower seeds, how many pounds of seeds are in her supply?.
The number of pounds of seeds in her supply is 18 if she uses 1/3 supply to make a salted snack.
The sunflower seed is the seed of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). There are three types of normally utilized sunflower seeds: linoleic (generally normal), high oleic, and sunflower oil seeds. Every assortment has its own one of a kind degrees of monounsaturated, immersed, and polyunsaturated fats.
Firstly,we need to assume her total supply of sunflower seeds are x
If total supply of seeds are x,in that case
Supply of salted snack = 1/3x
and Supply of unsalted snack = 2/9x
It is given that total pounds of sunflower seed = 10
So,total supply of sunflower seeds is equal to sum of salted snack and unsalted snack.
In other words,Total supply of sunflower seeds = salted snack + unsalted snack
10 = 1/3x + 2/9x
10 = (3x + 2x) / 9
10 = 5/9x
On dividing both sides by 5/9
x = 10 ÷ 5/9
x = 10 × 9/5
x= (10 × 9) / 5
x= 90/5
x= 18
Hence, number of pounds of seeds in her supply is 18
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Which has the most thermal energy?
Answer:
Explanation:
If all other conditions are the same, substances in gas form have the most thermal energy, followed by liquids, then solids. Temperature can be measured with a thermometer. The matter inside a thermometer expands as its particles gain thermal energy and move.
What is the meaning of theoretical yield?
Generally, Theoretical yield is defined as the amount of product predicted by stoichiometry.
Generally the quantity of a product obtained from a reaction is always expressed in terms of the yield of the reaction. Basically the amount of product predicted by stoichiometry is known as the theoretical yield, whereas the amount obtained actually is called the actual yield.
Theoretical yield is defined as the amount of product resulting from a perfect (theoretical) chemical reaction, and thus not the same as the amount we'll actually get from a reaction in the chemistry lab. Theoretical yield is basically expressed in terms of grams or moles.
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What are the types of interstellar cloud?
Interstellar clouds belong to four different types: diffuse atomic, diffuse molecular, translucent, and dense molecular. The extent of these clouds varies from a few to hundreds of light-years and is composed of gas and a small fraction of dust particles.
Nearly 99% of the interstellar medium is in a gaseous state, with hydrogen making up 90% of the atoms. About half of the gas is linked up in interstellar gas clouds which have different properties counting on the temperature of the gas. In the coldest and densest regions of the interstellar medium, we see clouds whose cores comprise molecular gases, mainly molecular hydrogen (H₂) gas. If the gas cloud is not relatively cold or dense adequately for hydrogen molecules to survive, we end up with a cloud of neutral hydrogen atoms.
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write the following molar ratio for H2 to NH3
An unknown compound with a molar mass of 60. 05 g/mol consists of 40. 0% c, 6. 71% h, and 53. 29% o by mass. Find the molecular formula for the compound.
With a molar mass of 60.05 g/mol and a mass composition of 40. 0% c, 6. 71% h, and 53. 29% o, the compound has the molecular formula C3H6O2.
The percentage of each element's composition must first be converted into moles before the molecular formula can be determined. Divide the molar mass by the molecular mass to get the total number of moles in the compound. The compound's molecular mass is determined by combining the atomic masses of each element.
By dividing the moles of each element by the total moles in the compound, the relative numbers of each element can be determined after the moles of each element have been determined. After that, the compound's molecular formula is determined by multiplying the relative number of each element by the smallest integer that will produce whole numbers.
The molecular formula for this substance is C3H6O2 because the smallest integer for C, H, and O is 3, while the smallest integer for O is 2.
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Question 1-14
How does the carbon cycle support the Law of Conservation of Mass?
O The total amount of carbon decreases, as it moves through the carbon cycle.
O
The total amount of carbon does not change as it moves through the carbon cycle.
O The total amount of carbon gradually increases, as it moves through the carbon cycle.
The total amount of carbon changes depending on where it's located in the carbon cycle.
According to law of conservation of mass, the carbon cycle supports the law of conservation of mass as the total amount of carbon does not change as it moves through the carbon cycle.
What is law of conservation of mass?
According to law of conservation of mass, it is evident that mass is neither created nor destroyed rather it is restored at the end of a chemical reaction .
Law of conservation of mass and energy are related as mass and energy are directly proportional which is indicated by the equation E=mc².Concept of conservation of mass is widely used in field of chemistry, fluid dynamics.
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an nacl solution is prepared by dissolving 20.0 g nacl in 150.0 g of water at 25°c. what is the vapor pressure of the solution if the vapor pressure of water at 25°c is 23.56 torr?
The vapor pressure of the NaCl solution is 22.66 torr.
What is Vapor Pressure?
It is the result of molecules escaping from the surface of a liquid or solid and entering the gas phase. The vapor pressure is dependent on the temperature and the intermolecular forces between the molecules. As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure of a substance increases as well.
To calculate the vapor pressure of the NaCl solution, we can use Raoult's law, which states that the vapor pressure of a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution:
P = X_solvent * P°_solvent
where P is the vapor pressure of the solution, X_solvent is the mole fraction of the solvent (water), and P°_solvent is the vapor pressure of pure water.
moles of NaCl = mass of NaCl / molar mass of NaCl
moles of water = 150.0 g / 18.015 g/mol = 8.326 mol
moles of NaCl = 20.0 g / 58.44 g/mol = 0.342 mol
total moles = moles of water + moles of NaCl = 8.326 mol + 0.342 mol = 8.668 mol
X_water = moles of water / total moles = 8.326 mol / 8.668 mol = 0.962
P = X_water * P°_water
P = 0.962 * 23.56 torr = 22.66 torr
Therefore, the vapor pressure of the NaCl solution is 22.66 torr.
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what is the relationship between temperature and molecular motion
Temperature and molecular motion is a)directly proportional to each other. On increasing temperature,molecular motion also increases. So, correct option is a.
Molecular motion is characterized as the development of constituent particles or particles in a specific heading. The Molecular motion are impacted by intensity and temperature. This is on the grounds that temperature is the estimation of the typical dynamic energy of the atoms and addresses the movement of particles.
Essentially, heat moves energy among constituent particles that increment the motor energy of atoms. The numerical connection between active energy and temperature can be displayed underneath;
E = kT
where, E=Energy, k=boltzmann steady, T=temperature
The various kinds of molecular motion are
Translational movement: In such sort of movement, particles can move starting with one spot then onto the next in the equivalent or different bearing yet consistently stays on a similar hub.
Rotational movement: In this sort of movement, the particle can turn in and around the pivot.
Vibrational movement: In this kind of movement, particles can vibrate at their mean position. These movements are extremely normal in strong state.
Electronic movement: In this kind of movement, electrons can move from one spot to another and orbital to orbital. Electronic movements cause an adjustment of the shade of substances.
Hence,correct option is a.
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(Complete question) is:
what is the relationship between temperature and molecular motion?
a)directly proportional to each other
b)inversely proportional to each other
c)both directly and indirectly to each other
d)exponential proportional to each other
Identify the color absorbed by a solution that appears the color given.
1. Blue=
2. Red=
3. Orange=
4. Green=
A solution that appears blue absorbs orange and that appears red absorbs green and the solution that appears orange absorbs blue and that appears in green absorbs red.
A solution that appears blue absorbs light in the orange range of the visible spectrum.
• A solution that appears red absorbs light in the green range of the visible spectrum.
• A solution that appears orange absorbs light in the blue range of the visible spectrum.
• A solution that appears green absorbs light in the red range of the visible spectrum
The color absorbed by a solution depends on the specific properties of the solute and the solvent in the solution, as well as the wavelength of the light passing through it. When light passes through a solution, certain wavelengths may be absorbed by the solute molecules in the solution, causing the solution to appear colored.
The color that is absorbed by a solution can be determined using a spectrophotometer, which measures the absorbance of light at various wavelengths. The absorbance spectrum of a solution can be used to determine the concentration of a solute in a solution, as well as other properties of the solution, such as its purity and chemical composition.
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Name the smallest particle of an element that can retain all the chemical properties.?
Atom is the smallest particle of an element that can retain all the chemical properties.
Atom is defined as the smallest part of a substance that cannot be broken down through chemical process. Each atom contains a nucleus (which is its center, and nucleus is made up of protons (positive particles) and neutrons (particles with no charge). Electrons which are negative charged particles, move around the nucleus.
Generally, the electrons which are associated with atoms are found to have measurable properties which exhibit quantization. The electrons are basically found in quantized energy states of the lowest possible energy for the atom, known as ground states.
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