Answer:
A straightforward word condition that can be utilized to depict the procedure of photosynthesis is
Carbon dioxide + water — > Glucose + Oxygen + water.
A fair synthetic condition for the procedure can be composed as
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O — > C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
. Generally, photosynthesis utilizes light to convert Carbon dioxide into Glucose.
Explanation:
A cork float a distance of 8. 75 meters down river after a period of 3. 5 hours what is the average speed? Help!! Please
2.5 m.p.h. When tiny ripples cross the water's surface, the cork moves vertically up and down. A piece of cork begins to float up from resting at the lake's bottom.
Plotting its velocity v versus time t. Due to the non-volatile impurity it contains, its freezing point will be below zero degrees Celsius. The floating body has no apparent weight. It turns out that the weight of the fluid displaced by the object equals the buoyant force. Use the phrase: for issues like these. Distance travelled divided by time equals average speed. Therefore, the average speed is 8.75 / 3.5, or 2.5 m.p.h.
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3) should the parents be concerned about the heterozygous condition as well as the homozygous mutant condition?
True breeding is a form of breeding in which both parents produce children with the same phenotype. This signifies that both parents are homozygous for all traits.
Does homozygous mean both parents?In genetics, homozygous means having inherited the same variants (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent. As a result, a person who is homozygous for a genetic marker has two identical copies of that marker.
Every birth will carry the same level of danger. If both parents have a heterozygous dominant mutation, their offspring have a 50% probability of inheriting the dominant allele (partial or total symptoms), a 25% chance of inheriting both dominant alleles (symptoms), and a 25% chance of inheriting both recessive alleles (no symptoms).
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assuming the population size is stable, such that r0 is a good index of fitness, what type of selection is acting on this food preference gene?
The type of selection acting on this food preference gene is directional selection. Directional selection occurs when the extreme value of a trait is favored, leading to a shift in the distribution of the trait in a particular direction.
In the case of the food preference gene, if a certain preference is more advantageous and provides a higher reproductive success (fitness), individuals with that preference will be more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation, causing the frequency of that preference to increase.
Conversely, if a different preference is less advantageous, the frequency of that preference will decrease. Over time, this results in a shift in the distribution of food preferences in a particular direction. This type of selection can lead to the evolution of new species if the preference becomes so distinct that individuals with different preferences can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring.
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Remnants of osteons, which have been almost completely recycled by osteoclasts, are known as __________.A. concentric lamellaeB. interstitial lamellaeC. perforating canalsD. circumferential lamellae
Remnants of osteons, which have been almost completely recycled by osteoclasts, are known as (Option C.) interstitial lamellae.
Systems of canaliculi that resemble a broomstick are responsible for supplying the interstitial lamellae of cortical bone that are located in the shafts of long bones. There are a lot of canaliculi in the handle of the broom, and they open into a transverse communication between the longitudinal vascular canals of the osteons.
Nobody has ever before documented the presence of these networks of canaliculi. Their presence presents a challenge to the prevalent theory that interstitial lamellae are nothing more than the skeletal remnants of osteons that have been partially resorbed as a result of the remodeling process that occurs in bone.
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during the process of alternative rna splicing, where on a pre-mrna transcript does a spliceosome bind?
Pre-RNA editing takes place in the cytoplasm it makes use of a complex comprising active enzymes known as the spliceosome.
Where can a spliceosome bind to a pre-mRNA transcript?The spliceosome is constructed in stages. The 5' splicing site is first bound by the U1 snRNP, followed by the branch site by the U2 snRNP. The pre-mRNA transcript is bound by many additional snRNPs (U4, U6, and U5) to create the finished spliceosome complex.
What portion of the mRNA does the spliceosome splice out of the mRNA?A protein-and-RNA complex known as the spliceosome recognizes and excises particular pre-mRNA introns during RNA splicing. Introns can be thought of as "junk" sections that need to be removed in order to create the "great parts version" of a RNA molecule.
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if you changed the base on one side of the dna molecule, what should you do to the other base on the other side of the molecule?
The translational frame is changed when one or two bases are removed, resulting in a garbled message and a nonfunctional product. The reading frame is unaffected by the loss of three or more nucleotides.
A protein is lacking one or more amino acids when one or more codons are deleted.
A DNA molecule is made up of two long polynucleotide chains made up of four different types of nucleotide subunits. Each of these chains is referred to as a DNA chain or strand. The two chains are held together by hydrogen bonds formed between the base regions of the nucleotides. Bases interact via weak interactions known as hydrogen bonds, which may be quickly broken and rebuilt.
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the process by which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material?
Answer: crossing over
Explanation:
Which of the following compounds are examples of nucleic acids? Select all that apply.
a. Polysaccharides
b. ribonucleic acid (RNA)
c. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
d. amino acids
e. fatty acids
Answer:
B and C
Explanation:
Polysaccharides - Polysaccharides are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food. They are long-chain polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - Ribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - DNA is also a nucleic acid, but unlike RNA, however, DNA is most often double -stranded. An RNA molecule has a backbone made of alternating phosphate groups and the sugar ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA.
Amino acids - Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life. When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are left.
Fatty acids - Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat, called lipids. During digestion, the body breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can then be absorbed into the blood. Fatty acid molecules are usually joined together in groups of three, forming a molecule called a triglyceride.
compare and contrast the structure of a phospholipid and a detergent and explain how their similarities are useful in the study of protein sequence and structure.
Phospholipids are cylindrical molecule.
What is phospholipids?
Phospholipids are compound lipids made of alcohol, fatty acids, nitrogen base, and phosphoric acids. The cell membrane is primarily made up of these complex lipids, which also give the membranes their fluidity. These phospholipids constitute the interior of the bilayer and have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail in cell membranes.
Two varieties of phospholipids exist.
Glycerophospholipids
They are the main phospholipid kinds found in biological membranes. Glycerol-based phospholipids make up this substance.
Sphingo phospholipids
They make up a significant portion of myelin and are widely distributed throughout the brain and neurological system. Sphingosine is present in it as alcohol.
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Molecules called phospholipids are cylindrical.
How do phospholipids work?Phospholipids are complex lipids comprised of phosphoric acids, alcohol, essential fats, and nitrogen bases. These intricate lipids, that also provide the membranes its flexibility, make up the majority of the cell membrane. In cell membranes, these phospholipids, which make up the inside of the multilayer, contain a hydroxyl group and a hydrophobic part.
There are two types of phospholipids.
Glycerophospholipids
The majority of biological membranes include these phospholipid subtypes. This material is composed of phospholipids based on glycerol.
Sphingo phospholipids
These are extensively dispersed all through the brain and nervous system and constitute up a sizeable component of myelin. Alcohol is sphingosine's component in it.
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which is not a characteristic of gel electrophoresis? it separates molecules based on size. ethidium bromide binds dna by intercalating between base pairs. it separates molecules based on charge. it uses primers to amplify specific dna sequences.
It is not a characteristic of gel electrophoresis to use primers to amplify specific DNA sequences. the molecules are forced through the gel's tiny pores by the force of the current during the process.
Primers are not used in gel electrophoresis to amplify specific DNA sequences. Based on their size and charge, this method is used in the laboratory to separate and examine macromolecules like DNA and proteins. The macromolecules are subjected to an electric field when they are placed in a gel matrix during gel electrophoresis. Using methods like ethidium bromide staining, which binds to the DNA by intercalating between base pairs, the molecules can be separated and observed as they move through the gel in accordance with their size and charge.
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Of the following sources, which supplies the most commercial energy in the world today?
Oil
Nuclear
Hydroelectric
The answer is Oil. The most commercial energy in the world today that supplies is oil.
Crude oil is currently the most used energy resource in the world. It is used in many countries to power cars, planes, ships and other means of transport and to generate electricity. It is also used to manufacture a variety of products, including plastics, fertilizers, and pharmaceuticals. Oil is a non-renewable resource, which means that once it is extracted from the earth, it cannot be replenished.
It's also a finite resource,Despite these disadvantages, oil remains the most commercially viable source of energy today due to its relatively low cost and abundance. Crude oil is extracted from the ground in large quantities and then transported to refineries where it is processed and refined into a variety of products. This makes it a very valuable resource that is vital to the global economy.
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where do photosynthetic organisms get the energy needed to make glucose molecules?
Answer: During the process of photosynthesis, cells use carbon dioxide and energy from the Sun to make sugar molecules and oxygen. These sugar molecules are the basis for more complex molecules made by the photosynthetic cell, such as glucose.
Explanation:
here are four electron transport carriers in the etc of eukaryotes. which pair is correctly matched?
Four electron transporters that are present in eukaryotic cells are listed below. Complex III and cytochrome BC1 are the appropriate partners.
Eukaryotic cells: what are they?Every multicellular organism, including animals, plants, and humans, as well as some unicellular organisms (organisms with only one cell), such as protozoa, is composed of eukaryotic cells, which are cells that have membrane-bound structures. Organelles, which are specialized cellular subunits that perform certain biological tasks, are numerous membrane-bound structures found in eukaryotic cells.
The nuclear membrane, which is also known as the nuclear envelope, surrounds the nucleus and safeguards the genetic material kept there. Nuclear pores, which only permit specific compounds to pass through, are present in the nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum is a different membrane-bound organelle (ER).
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how many peptides would result if this peptide were treated with (1) cyanogen bromide, or (2) trypsin, or (3) chymotrypsin?
If this peptide was treated, it would provide 2 peptides from cyanogen bromide, no cleavage from trypsin, and 2 peptides from chymotrypsin.
Describe trypsin.Trypsin is indeed an enzymes which thus aids during digestion. An protein is an enzyme whose quickens a particular biological process. Trypsin is found in the digestive system. It can also be produced by fungi, plants, and microbes. However, it is typically made from livestock pancreatic for commercial exploitation.
Exactly how well does trypsin break down proteins?Trypsin breaks the peptide link formed by this identical arginine molecule, or possibly the carboxylic acid group with arginine and the hydrogens of the following amino acid. The rate of cleavage occurs more slowly when the sites of arginine and lysine there in sequencing are nearer to potassium hydroxide biological compounds or cystine.
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Complete question is:
How many peptides would result if this peptide were treated with (1) cyanogen bromide, or (2) trypsin, or (3) chymotrypsin?
a. Cyanogen bromide: _______
b. Trypsin: _________
c. Chymotrypsin: ________
options;
2 peptides
no cleavage
5 peptides
4 peptides
3 peptides
dna replication is a form of horizontal flow of genetic information. true or fasle?
Answer:
the answer is false I think
Kimi is a biologist monitoring the giraffe population in Kenya each year. When she first started
monitoring the giraffe population, Kimi estimated that there were 26,000 giraffes. One year
later, she estimated that the population had increased to 27,300. Kimi expects the giraffe
population to continue increasing each year.
Write an exponential equation in the form y = a(b)* that can model the estimated giraffe
population, y, in x years.
Use whole numbers, decimals, or simplified fractions for the values of a and b.
y =
ala
How many years after Kimi's first estimate will the giraffe population be estimated as greater
than 30,000?
yearso
The giraffe population will be estimated as greater than 30,000,
6.06 years after Kimi's first estimate.
Modelling the estimated giraffe population
To model the estimated giraffe population, we need to find the exponential equation that fits the two data points we have: the population in year 0 (when Kimi first started monitoring) and the population in year 1. We can use the formula:
y = a b^x
where y is the estimated population,
a is the initial population (26,000),
b is the growth factor, and
x is the number of years after the initial estimate.
To find b, we can use the formula:
b = (y2/y1)^(1/x)
where y2 is the population in year 1 (27,300),
y1 is the population in year 0 (26,000),
and x is the number of years between year 0 and year 1 (1 year).
b = (27,300/26,000)^(1/1) = 1.0496
Now that we have found b, we can plug it back into the original equation to find the exponential equation that models the giraffe population:
y = 26,000 x 1.0496^x
To find how many years after Kimi's first estimate will the giraffe population be estimated as greater than 30,000, we can solve for x when y = 30,000:
30,000 = 26,000 x 1.0496^x
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides, we get:
ln(30,000/26,000) = ln(1.0496^x)
Dividing both sides by ln(1.0496), we get:
x = ln(30,000/26,000) / ln(1.0496)
Using a calculator, we can approximate x to be 6.06 years.
So, the giraffe population will be estimated as greater than 30,000,
6.06 years after Kimi's first estimate.
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A portion of the periodic table of elements is reproduced here. Based on their
relative positions, what conclusion can be drawn about these metallic elements?
A All the elements have the same reactivity.
B Potassium is much more reactive than iron.
C Chromium is twice as reactive as vanadium.
D Calcium is much less reactive than scandium.
Based on their relative positions in the periodic table, the conclusion that can be drawn about these metallic elements is that "Calcium is much less reactive than scandium". Option D is correct.
The periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number, with elements that have similar chemical and physical properties placed in the same vertical column, known as a group or family. Elements in the same group generally have similar reactivity, with elements towards the top of the group being more reactive than those towards the bottom.
In this portion of the periodic table, calcium is in Group 2, while scandium is in Group 3. Since scandium is higher in the group, it can be concluded that it is more reactive than calcium, which is lower in the group.
It's important to note that the reactivity of elements is influenced by many factors, and the periodic table provides only a general guideline. More specific information about an element's reactivity can be obtained through experimentation and observation.
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in the aquatics article, which organism was interfering with natural regulation of the azolla fern by its insect herbivores?
Answer:
Fire Ants
Here you go!
The interference of Anabaena azollae with the natural regulation of Azolla fern by its insect herbivores can have detrimental effects on the health and balance of freshwater ecosystems. It is essential to understand the dynamics between these organisms to develop effective strategies for the sustainable management of aquatic environments.
Aquatic plants play a crucial role in maintaining the health and balance of freshwater ecosystems. One such plant is the Azolla fern, which is an excellent source of food for many herbivorous aquatic insects. However, a recent study has found that the natural regulation of Azolla fern by its insect herbivores is being interfered with by a particular organism.
The organism in question is a type of bacteria called Anabaena azollae, which forms a symbiotic relationship with Azolla fern. This bacteria is responsible for fixing nitrogen, which the fern requires for growth. However, in some cases, the bacteria can grow uncontrollably and cause harm to the fern.
The problem arises when the bacteria overgrows and starts producing chemicals that repel the insect herbivores that would otherwise feed on the fern. This interference with the natural regulation of the Azolla fern can lead to overgrowth and, ultimately, damage to the freshwater ecosystem.
Furthermore, the excessive growth of Anabaena azollae can also cause oxygen depletion in the water, leading to the death of other aquatic organisms that require oxygen to survive.
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a particular yorkshire terrier breeder is snooty. he wants to make sure that rufus, the neighbor mixed-breed dog, never gets near his stable of purse dogs. he surrounds the yorkies' exercise area with a fence made of cinder block. what type of reproductive barrier is this?
A certain breeder of yorkshire terriers is snobbish. He wants to make sure that the mixed-breed dog living next door, Rufus, never approaches his collection of pocketbook dogs.
He constructs a cinder block fence to enclose the exercise area for the yorkies. This is a spatially based reproductive barrier. Spatial separation is the most blatant example of reproductive isolation. Members of two populations will never mate and there won't be any gene flow if they never come into contact.
Different species are reproductively isolated from one another by space in a sort of prezygotic barrier called spatial isolation. Different species can be reproductively isolated by having different mating seasons, which is a sort of prezygotic barrier called temporal isolation.
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the process of using swabs to take samples from lesions and then implant them in a growth medium to diagnose certain viruses and bacteria is called
the process of using swabs to take samples from lesions and then implant them in a growth medium to diagnose certain viruses and bacteria is called cultures
The method of using swabs to collect samples from lesions, which is then grown in a specific medium to identify the virus or bacteria, is known as Culture and Sensitivity testing. It is used to both identify the cause of an infection and determine the most effective treatment.
The process you are referring to is known as culture and sensitivity testing (C&S testing). This is a widely used method in microbiology to diagnose certain viruses and bacteria. In this technique, swabs are used to collect samples from lesions or infected areas. These swabs are then placed in a specific medium that promotes the growth of bacteria or virus. This enables the identification of the microorganism causing the infection.
The test also allows for the determination of the most effective antibiotic to treat the infection, hence the term 'sensitivity' . This makes it a critical tool in clinical diagnostics.
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Pls po i really need this help. I'll mark brainliest who answered po.
Design Your Offspring:
Create your imaginary offspring. Bring in a picture or drawing of yourself and of your sweetheart, favorite celebrity, or dream girl or guy (these are not included).
1. Attach your picture to your poster (these are not included). Next to each picture, describe the traits and give each a genotype. (Use your imagination)
2. Identify two different possible children. Show and describe the phenotypes and genotypes for each children.
3. Show a monohybrid cross using your trait. (Example. Mm x mm). Show the Punnet and the ratios produced. Include the genotype and phenotype in the punnet square.
Your offspring would look like you due to the genes that they recieved.
Why does your offspring look like you?We have to note that the way that your offspring look is dependent on the genes that they take up from you. As such, when you draw your offspring, you would essentially have another generation that would look like you.
The reason why they look like you is that they are going to taken up some of your genes and that is going to account for the way that the organism is going to look during reproduction.
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if a cell is defective in some way, the cell will try to fix it. if repair cannot be done, what happens to the cell?
A cell may self-destruct if there is a DNA mistake that cannot be corrected (apoptosis ). Apoptosis is a process that occurs frequently throughout life to help your body get rid off cells are no longer functional
What are the many types of DNA repair?At least five primary DNA repair mechanisms, including nucleotide excision trying to repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair work (NER), mismatch repair process (MMR), homology - directed (HR), as well as non-homologous ends joining (NHEJ), are active at different times during the cell cycle and allow cells to repair DNA damage.
What occurs when DNA is harmed?Normal cell replication and apoptosis rates can both be impacted by DNA damage, often known as "cellular senescence" or "programmed cell death." Alternately, harm to genetic material may cause cellular dysfunction, cell death, or the development of cancerous cells from normally healthy cells.
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Which organic molecules are used for long-term energy storage?
A.) lipids
B.) proteins
C.) nucleic acids
D.) carbohydrates
Lipids are organic compounds that provide enduring energy, these include phospholipids, waxes, sterols, glycerides, and fats. option a)
What is an energy storage molecule?ATP functions best as a short-term energy storage option since it is too unstable for long-term storage. When cells need to store chemical energy in a more stable form, they use the energy from ATP to make more stable molecules.
The long-lasting organic substances known as lipids include waxes, sterols, glycerides, phospholipids, and fats.
Lipids are lighter as a result of having more energy per mass than other substances. Yet, because they are insoluble in water, they are more challenging to transport.
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Which alga is most closely related to plants?
A) Chara
B) Kelp
C) Ulva
D) Diatom
E) Euglena
The alga that is most closely related to plants is Chara. Chara is a freshwater green alga that is commonly known as "stoneworts". Here option A is the correct answer.
While Chara shares many similarities with other green algae, it also exhibits several plant-like characteristics that suggest a close evolutionary relationship to plants. For example, Chara has multicellular structures, and similar cell walls, and possesses the enzyme cellulose synthase, which is essential for cell wall formation in plants.
Molecular and genetic analyses have also confirmed the close evolutionary relationship between Chara and plants. Studies of their DNA and gene sequences have shown that Chara shares many genes with plants that are involved in key metabolic and developmental pathways, such as photosynthesis and cell differentiation.
While other algae, such as kelp, Ulva, diatoms, and Euglena, have their own unique characteristics and evolutionary histories, they are not as closely related to plants as Chara. Overall, Chara serves as a critical model organism for understanding the evolutionary transition from algae to plants and sheds light on the fundamental mechanisms that underlie plant development and physiology.
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vasopressin is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus that regulates the concentration gradients of body fluids. vasopressin is 5.94% s by mass, and each vasopressin molecule contains 2 sulfur atoms. calculate the molar mass of vasopressin
The molar mass of vasopressin is 1082 g/mol.
To calculate the molar mass of vasopressin, we need to know the atomic masses of the elements that make up the molecule.
First, let's calculate the mass of sulfur in vasopressin. Since each molecule contains 2 sulfur atoms, the mass of sulfur in vasopressin can be calculated as follows:
mass of sulfur = 2 * mass of 1 sulfur atom = 2 * 32 g/mol = 64 g/mol
Next, let's find the total mass of vasopressin. According to the information given, vasopressin is 5.94% sulfur by mass, so the total mass can be calculated as follows:
mass of vasopressin = (mass of sulfur) / (percent sulfur by mass) = (64 g/mol) / (5.94%) = 1082 g/mol
Therefore, the molar mass of vasopressin is 1082 g/mol.
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how does the rotation of the earth affect global air circulation examine this simplified diagram of the earths wind belts , and explain how the coriolis effect influence the direction of the polar easterlies , the westerlies and the trade winds
Answer:The rotation of the Earth affects global air circulation through the Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect is a phenomenon that causes moving objects, including air currents, to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This effect is due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis and the resultant centrifugal force.
The simplified diagram of the Earth's wind belts shows three main air currents: the polar easterlies, the westerlies, and the trade winds.
The polar easterlies are located near the poles and blow from the east towards the west. Due to the Coriolis effect, these winds are deflected to the right, resulting in a clockwise flow in the Northern Hemisphere and a counter-clockwise flow in the Southern Hemisphere.
The westerlies are located in the middle latitudes and blow from the west towards the east. Due to the Coriolis effect, these winds are deflected to the right, resulting in a clockwise flow in the Southern Hemisphere and a counter-clockwise flow in the Northern Hemisphere.
The trade winds are located near the equator and blow from the east towards the west. Due to the Coriolis effect, these winds are deflected to the right, resulting in a clockwise flow in the Northern Hemisphere and a counter-clockwise flow in the Southern Hemisphere.
In conclusion, the Coriolis effect influences the direction of the wind belts by causing moving objects, including air currents, to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This effect is important for understanding the patterns of global air circulation and for explaining the direction and flow of winds at different latitudes on the Earth's surface.
Explanation:
there is no plagerisiam at all
Which of these describes the asthenosphere? Choose the correct answer.
O crust
O rigid
O solid
O flowing
Answer:
It's mostly molten...so somewhat flowing...
Which term describes the situation, for x‑linked genes, in human and drosophila males who have only one x chromosome?
a. heterozygous b. hemizygous homozygous c. homogametic d. dioecious
The term that describes the situation for X‑linked genes, in human and drosophila males who have only one X chromosome is hemizygous.
Thus, the correct option is B.
In humаns аnd other mаmmаls, biologicаl sex is determined by а pаir of sex chromosomes: XY in mаles аnd XX in femаles. Genes on the X chromosome аre sаid to be X-linked. X-linked genes hаve distinctive inheritаnce pаtterns becаuse they аre present in different numbers in femаles (XX) аnd mаles (XY).
Hemizygous describes аn individuаl who hаs only one member of а chromosome pаir or chromosome segment rаther thаn the usuаl two. Hemizygosity is often used to describe X-linked genes in mаles who hаve only one X chromosome. This term is sometimes used in somаtic cell genetics where cаncer cell lines аre often hemizygous for certаin аlleles or chromosomаl regions.
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which leukocytes have cytoplasmic granules that stain red and bilobed nuclei?
The leukocytes with cytoplasmic granules that stain red and bilobed nuclei are called eosinophils.
what information is presented on the y-axis? what information is presented on the y-axis? the distance from the mainland the rate of immigration or extinction the number of species per island the size of the island
As stated in the question, the enormous island is near to the mainland.
Based on the rate of species immigration and extinction on an island, the island equilibrium model estimates the number of species there. It has been noted that the rate of immigration starts to decline as the number of species rises. This is because the likelihood of intraspecific competition rises as more and more species migrate. Additionally, as a new area gets colonised, there is greater competition, which raises the rate of extinction. Furthermore, the distance between an island and the mainland is the key element that influences immigration and extinction rates. New immigrants to the island come from the mainland. assuming that every new species must move to the island
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