_____ are defined as messages that are fair responses by businesses to legitimate requests in claim messages by customers.

Private mortgage insurance (PMI) is usually required on home loans with loan-to-value ratios greater than 80 percent.  So, the correct answer is home, 80 percent .

This means that if a borrower puts down less than 20 percent of the home's purchase price as a down payment, they will typically be required to pay for PMI. PMI protects the lender in case the borrower defaults on the loan.

PMI can add a significant cost to a borrower's monthly mortgage payment, and it is important to factor this into the overall cost of owning a home. However, there are ways to avoid PMI, such as putting down a larger down payment or taking out a piggyback loan.

It is important to note that PMI is not required on all types of loans. For example, it is not typically required on income property loans or on home loans with loan-to-value ratios less than 80 percent. It is always important to review the terms and requirements of your specific loan before agreeing to the terms.

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If the spending multiplier is 10 and the actual equilibrium real GDP is $4 billion below potential real GDP, "then the government could increase its spending by $400 million" (10 times $400 million = $4 billion) to reach the potential real GDP level.

This is because the spending multiplier indicates the change in equilibrium real GDP resulting from a change in spending. A spending multiplier of 10 means that an initial increase in spending of $1 would result in an increase in equilibrium real GDP of $10.

Therefore, if the government increases its spending by $400 million, this would result in an increase in equilibrium real GDP of $4 billion, which would bring it to the potential real GDP level. Other things being equal, such an increase in government spending could be achieved through measures such as increasing government expenditure or reducing taxes.

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The cultural disparity between the internationally expanding firm's home country and its targeted host country is commonly known as cultural distance.

A detailed answer to this question would delve into the concept of cultural distance and how it affects the operations of multinational companies. The cultural distance can be defined as the differences between two countries in terms of their cultural, linguistic, institutional, and religious aspects. These differences can create challenges for firms operating across borders, as they may encounter difficulties in understanding local customs, communicating effectively with stakeholders, and adapting to local market conditions. In order to successfully expand into a foreign market, firms must address these cultural differences through cultural training programs, hiring local staff, and adapting their products and services to meet local needs.

In summary, the concept of cultural distance is a crucial factor that firms must consider when expanding internationally, and a long answer to this question would explore the various ways in which cultural distance can impact a firm's operations and success in a foreign market.

This term refers to the differences in cultural values, beliefs, and practices between the two countries, which can impact the success of the firm's international expansion. While this answer is concise, a more detailed explanation would delve into factors affecting cultural distance, such as language, religion, and business practices, and how they can influence the decision-making process for international business ventures.

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Successful franchisors are particularly vigilant in avoiding the "rogue franchisee" phenomenon, a situation where the behavior of an incompetent or irresponsible franchisee harms the reputation of the franchisor and other franchisees.

These franchisors carefully select and train their franchisees, establish clear guidelines and standards, and have effective monitoring and enforcement systems in place to prevent any rogue behavior. Additionally, they prioritize open communication and transparency with all franchisees to prevent any negative impact on the brand and its reputation.

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A sudden stop in credit availability is a scenario where a nation's access to credit is abruptly cut off or severely restricted. This can be caused by a variety of factors such as a financial crisis, political instability, or a global economic downturn. The impact of such a scenario can be significant, particularly for large industrial nations that rely heavily on credit to fund their operations.

In such cases, major cuts in expenditures may be necessary in order to manage the situation. This could involve reducing government spending, cutting back on social programs, and tightening monetary policy to control inflation. While this can be challenging, it may be necessary to avoid defaulting on loans or experiencing a significant economic downturn.
However, if a nation has sufficient reserves to cover imports, a sudden stop in credit availability may be more manageable. This could provide a cushion to help the nation weather the storm until credit becomes available again. It's worth noting, though, that such scenarios are very unlikely to happen in practice. Most nations have measures in place to ensure that credit remains available even in times of economic uncertainty.
A sudden stop in credit availability is usually very disruptive and necessitates major cuts in expenditures. This situation can be challenging for both individuals and businesses, as it restricts their ability to borrow and spend. In order to manage the situation, a nation must have sufficient reserves to cover imports, which can help alleviate some of the economic strain. Although sudden stops in credit availability are more likely to affect large industrial nations, they are not impossible in practice and can occur under certain economic conditions.

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The payback method  does not consider the time value of money and therefore may provide different investment decisions compared to the IRR and NPV methods. Option D.

The internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV) methods usually give the same investment decision answer.

Both the IRR and NPV are popular methods used in capital budgeting to evaluate investment opportunities. The IRR is the discount rate at which the present value of cash inflows equals the present value of cash outflows.

Both methods are used to determine the profitability of an investment project by considering the time value of money. The primary difference between the two methods is the way in which they discount future cash flows.

While IRR calculates the discount rate that equates the present value of cash inflows and outflows, NPV discounts all cash flows at a predetermined discount rate to calculate their present value.

In general, when the NPV of a project is positive, it is considered a profitable investment, while a negative NPV suggests that the project is not profitable.

Similarly, if the IRR of a project is higher than the required rate of return, the project is considered profitable. Conversely, if the IRR is lower than the required rate of return, the project is not considered profitable.

While there are some situations in which the IRR and NPV methods may give different investment decisions, such as when the cash flows are unconventional, they usually provide the same conclusion. So the correct answer is Option D.

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Through the use of supply chain management (SCM) technology, a company is able to know exactly where a product is located within the distribution channel.

Supply chain management technology refers to the use of software and other digital tools to manage the movement of goods and materials from the point of origin to the point of consumption. This technology enables companies to track products as they move through the distribution channel, from the manufacturer to the distributor, retailer, and finally to the end customer.

SCM technology provides real-time visibility into the movement of goods and materials, allowing companies to optimize their supply chain operations and improve efficiency. This includes tracking inventory levels, monitoring product demand, and identifying potential bottlenecks in the distribution process. By having real-time information on the location of products, companies can quickly respond to changing market conditions and ensure that products are delivered to customers on time.

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To determine the cash paid for wages, we need to take into account the change in the Wages Payable balance during the period.  Cash paid for wages = Wages Expense - Increase in Wages Payable

The increase in Wages Payable is calculated as:
Wages Payable at the end of the year - Wages Payable at the beginning of the year = $500 - $300 = $200
Substituting the values, we get:
Cash paid for wages = $4,000 - $200 = $3,800

To calculate the cash paid for wages, we can use the information provided on the income statement and balance sheet with the terms "Wages Expense," "Wages Payable," and "Cash paid for wages."
Here's a step-by-step explanation:
a. The income statement shows Wages Expense of $4,000 for the period.
b. The balance sheet indicates that Wages Payable at the beginning of the year had a balance of $300.
c. The balance sheet also indicates that Wages Payable at the end of the year had a balance of $500.

Now, we can calculate the cash paid for wages:
Cash paid for wages = Wages Expense - (Ending Wages Payable - Beginning Wages Payable)
Cash paid for wages = $4,000 - ($500 - $300)
Cash paid for wages = $4,000 - $200
Cash paid for wages = $3,800
So, the cash paid for wages equals $3,800.

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Buying, selling, and holding currency in an effort to profit through exchange-rate fluctuation is called foreign exchange (forex) trading or currency trading.

A corporation running worldwide business runs the danger of losing money as a result of currency swings, which is known as foreign exchange risk. It is also referred to as currency risk, FX risk, and exchange rate risk. It refers to the likelihood that changes in the relative values of the currencies involved might cause the value of an investment to decline.

Forex trading involves buying one currency while simultaneously selling another currency, with the goal of making a profit from changes in exchange rates between the two currencies. This type of trading takes place in the foreign exchange market, which is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world. Forex trading can be done by individuals or institutions, and it involves a high degree of risk due to the potential for significant fluctuations in exchange rates.

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The claim is accurate. $14.22 has been deducted from the principle reduction following the initial mortgage payment.

Reduced loan debt, often a mortgage, is known as principal reduction. As an alternative to foreclosing on the property, a lender may agree to reduce the principal in order to give a borrower financial relief.

A mortgage is a contract between you and a lender that grants the lender the right to seize your property in the event that you are unable to repay the loan amount plus interest. The value of an existing home may be used as collateral for a mortgage loan to help you purchase a new home.

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To stimulate trial purchases of a new or stagnant brand, companies may utilize various communication tools such as advertising, public relations, personal selling, and sales promotion.

However, the most effective communication tool for accomplishing this objective depends on several factors, such as the target audience, product category, and marketing budget. That being said, one of the most effective communication tools for stimulating trial purchases is sales promotion. Sales promotion refers to short-term incentives or promotional activities that are designed to encourage immediate purchase or engagement with a product or service. Sales promotion techniques can include coupons, discounts, free samples, contests, sweepstakes, and other incentives that offer a value proposition to potential customers.

Sales promotion is particularly effective for stimulating trial purchases as it offers a low-risk, low-cost opportunity for consumers to try the product and experience its benefits. This can be particularly effective for new or unfamiliar brands that may be hesitant to purchase a product without first trying it out. Additionally, sales promotion techniques can help create a sense of urgency and excitement around the product, encouraging consumers to act quickly and make a purchase decision.

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Using prenumbered documents. This is an example of an internal control procedure as it helps to track and ensure that all documents are accounted for and reduces the risk of fraud or errors.

The correct answer is option A.

Options b and c are also internal control procedures, but they are more specific to financial controls (bank statement reconciliation) and human resources controls (mandatory vacations), respectively. Option d is incorrect as it includes all three options, but not all of them are examples of internal control procedures.

This includes a. Using prenumbered documents, b. Reconciling the bank statement, and c. An insistence that employees take vacations. All of these measures help to improve the accuracy and reliability of financial information, prevent fraud, and maintain the integrity of the organization's operations.

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Trio Company's absorption costing. 1. To compute the product cost per unit using absorption costing, we need to consider direct materials, direct labor, variable overhead, and fixed overhead costs.

The formula is:Product cost per unit = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable overhead + (Fixed overhead / Units produced).Product cost per unit = $15 + $19 + $6 + ($369,000 / 20,500).Product cost per unit = $58

2. To determine the cost of ending finished goods inventory using absorption costing, multiply the product cost per unit by the number of units in ending finished goods inventory:

Cost of ending finished goods inventory = Product cost per unit * Ending finished goods inventory.Cost of ending finished goods inventory = $58 * 4,500.Cost of ending finished goods inventory = $261,000

3. To determine cost of goods sold using absorption costing, multiply the product cost per unit by the number of units sold:COGS = Product cost per unit * Units sold,COGS = $58 * 16,000,COGS =$928,000

In summary, Trio Company's product cost per unit using absorption costing is $58, the cost of ending finished goods inventory is $261,000, and the cost of goods sold is $928,000.

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To calculate the asked price of the T-note, we can use the bond valuation formula: the asked price on the T-note should be approximately $1,585.18.

Asked Price = [tex](Coupon Payment / (1 + Yield/2)^n) + (Coupon Payment / (1 + Yield/2)^(n-1)) + ... + (Coupon Payment + Face Value / (1 + Yield/2)^(n-1))[/tex]

Where:

Coupon Payment = (Coupon Rate x Face Value) / 2

Yield = Asked Yield

n = Number of coupon payments left until maturity (in this case, 3)

Plugging in the given values:

Coupon Payment = (0.125% x $1,000) / 2 = $0.625

Yield = 0.15%

n = 3

Asked Price = [tex]($0.625 / (1 + 0.15/2)^1) + ($0.625 / (1 + 0.15/2)^2) + ($0.625 + $1,000 / (1 + 0.15/2)^3)[/tex]

Asked Price = ($0.625 / 1.0075) + ($0.625 / 1.015075) + ($1,000.625 / 1.02270250625)

Asked Price = $0.619 + $0.613 + $974.949

Asked Price = $1,585.18

Therefore, the asked price on the T-note should be approximately $1,585.18.

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False. The statement is not entirely accurate. Companies do create positions and systems to maintain an ethical climate, but the position is not called a "whistleblower.

Organizations often establish roles such as an ethics officer or compliance officer, who is responsible for promoting and enforcing ethical conduct within the company. They develop and implement policies, procedures, and training programs to ensure employees are aware of and adhere to ethical standards. Whistleblowers, on the other hand, are individuals who report unethical behavior or violations of laws and regulations within an organization. They can be employees, contractors, or even members of the public. Companies are encouraged to provide channels for whistleblowers to report concerns, such as anonymous hotlines, email systems, or third-party reporting services, to promote transparency and accountability. In summary, companies do create positions to maintain an ethical climate, but these roles are distinct from the concept of a whistleblower. Ethics or compliance officers are responsible for fostering and monitoring ethical conduct within an organization, while whistleblowers are individuals who report unethical behavior or violations.

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If the equilibrium price of natural gas is $4 per thousand cubic feet and a price ceiling is imposed at $3 per thousand cubic feet, the result will be a shortage of natural gas in the market.

When a price ceiling is imposed below the equilibrium price, it means that the government sets a maximum price that suppliers can charge for a product, in this case, natural gas. Since the price ceiling is lower than the equilibrium price, suppliers are forced to sell at a lower price, causing them to reduce the quantity supplied.

On the other hand, consumers will now face a lower price, which increases the quantity demanded.As the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied, a shortage of natural gas will occur.

This can lead to various negative consequences such as increased wait times, consumers turning to alternative energy sources, and a decrease in the incentive for suppliers to invest in natural gas production. Additionally, a black market may emerge where natural gas is sold at a higher price, bypassing the price ceiling.

In summary, imposing a price ceiling at $3 per thousand cubic feet when the equilibrium price is $4 will result in a shortage of natural gas, as the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied, leading to various negative consequences for both consumers and suppliers.

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The total production cost per unit under variable costing if 25,000 units had been produced is $24.25 per unit when under absorption costing, a company had the given unit costs when 8,000 units were produced.

Under variable costing, only the variable production costs (direct labor, direct materials, and variable overhead) are included in the cost of production, while fixed overhead costs are treated as period expenses. Thus, the total production cost per unit under variable costing would be:

Direct labor $8.50 per unit

Direct material $9.00 per unit

Variable overhead $6.75 per unit

Total variable cost $24.25 per unit

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Complete question:

Under absorption costing, a company had the following unit costs when 8,000 units were produced.

Direct labor $8.50 per unit

Direct material $9.00 per unit

Variable overhead $6.75 per unit

Fixed overhead ($60,000/8,000 units) $7.50 per unit

Total production cost $31.75 per unit

Compute the total production cost per unit under variable costing if 25,000 units had been produced.

$31.75

$27.25

$26.25

$24.25

$17.50

In the context of B2B supply chain management, portals can be defined as access points through which a business partner accesses secured, proprietary information that may be dispersed throughout an organization.

These portals are typically web-based applications that allow for secure communication and collaboration between partners, including the exchange of documents, data, and other information.

By providing a centralized platform for communication and data exchange, portals can help to streamline supply chain management processes and improve overall efficiency. They can also help to improve communication and collaboration between partners, leading to more effective decision-making and problem-solving.

In addition to providing access to information, portals may also offer a range of other features, such as inventory management tools, order tracking systems, and real-time reporting capabilities. These features can help to further enhance supply chain performance and visibility, enabling businesses to respond more quickly and effectively to changing market conditions and customer demands.

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A Gantt chart is a simple graphic organizer that helps systems analysts visualize the status of a project.

A Gantt chart represents project tasks along a timeline, indicating their start and end dates, dependencies, and progress.

By using a Gantt chart, project managers can track milestones, deadlines, and resource allocation, allowing for better communication and coordination among team members. This tool is particularly helpful in identifying bottlenecks, managing expectations, and ensuring timely project completion.

Overall, a Gantt chart is an essential project management tool for systems analysts and other professionals to monitor and control project progress effectively.

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The group you are describing can be referred to as a "multicultural" or "ethnically diverse" group.

A multicultural or ethnically diverse group is one that consists of individuals from different ethnic backgrounds working together.

In your example, the group includes three American, three German, three Uruguayan, and three Chinese managers collaborating on mining operations in South Africa.

In summary, a group with individuals from three or more different ethnic backgrounds, such as the one you described, is called a multicultural or ethnically diverse group.

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The residual income is $3,400. The correct answer is option c) $3,400. The formula for residual income is net operating income - (minimum required rate of return x average operating assets).

Plugging in the given values, we get:

Residual income = $34,000 - (0.15 x $204,000)
Residual income = $34,000 - $30,600
Residual income = $3,400

Therefore, the answer is c) $3,400.
Hi! To calculate the residual income, you should follow these steps:

1. Calculate the required return: multiply the average operating assets by the minimum required rate of return.
2. Subtract the required return from the net operating income to get the residual income.

Here's the step-by-step calculation using the provided information:

1. Required return = $204,000 * 15% = $30,600
2. Residual income = Net operating income - Required return = $34,000 - $30,600 = $3,400

So, the residual income is $3,400. The correct answer is option c) $3,400.

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Policy-makers may have to subsidize gasoline produced from corn-based ethanol to make it economically competitive with gasoline produced from fossil fuels.

The cost of producing ethanol from corn is generally higher than the cost of producing gasoline from fossil fuels. Therefore, without subsidies, the price of gasoline produced from ethanol would be higher than the price of gasoline produced from fossil fuels, making it less attractive to consumers.Subsidies can be used to bridge this price gap and make ethanol-based gasoline more competitive with gasoline produced from fossil fuels. By providing subsidies, policy-makers can make it more economically viable for producers to produce gasoline from ethanol, and therefore encourage the production and use of ethanol-based gasoline.

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According to the critics of the floating exchange rate system, the uncertainty of exchange rates tends to can negatively affect the growth of international trade and investment.

Floating exchange rates are determined by the market forces of supply and demand, and can fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. This unpredictability creates uncertainty for businesses that engage in cross-border trade and investment, as they cannot accurately predict the costs and revenues associated with their transactions.

The uncertainty of exchange rates can discourage businesses from investing in foreign markets or from engaging in long-term contracts with foreign suppliers or customers.

Businesses may also need to spend resources on hedging against currency fluctuations, such as by buying currency forwards or options.

These costs can increase the overall cost of doing business and reduce the profitability of cross-border transactions. Moreover, the uncertainty of exchange rates can also discourage consumers from engaging in international trade.

When exchange rates are unstable, consumers may be hesitant to purchase goods and services from foreign countries, as they may be unsure of the true cost of these transactions. This can lead to a reduction in demand for foreign products, which can negatively affect the economies of exporting countries.

In conclusion, the uncertainty of exchange rates can create significant challenges for businesses and consumers engaging in international trade and investment.

While the floating exchange rate system has its advantages, including flexibility and responsiveness to market forces, critics argue that it can also create instability and uncertainty, which can negatively affect the growth of international trade and investment.

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As more people migrated West during the gold rush, the demand curve in most western markets shifted to the right, holding all else constant.

The gold rush brought a large influx of people to the western region of the United States, which led to an increase in the population and, subsequently, an increase in demand for goods and services. This increase in demand would have caused the demand curve to shift to the right, indicating that consumers were willing to buy a larger quantity of goods and services at every price level. As a result, firms in the western markets may have increased their prices in response to the higher demand, leading to a higher equilibrium price and quantity.

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The daughter's cost basis in the security is the fair market value of the stock at the time of the customer's death, which is $50.

When a person dies, their assets receive a "step-up in basis" to their fair market value at the time of their death. This means that the cost basis of the inherited asset is adjusted to its value at the time of the previous owner's death. In this case, the customer's daughter inherited the ABC stock and its cost basis was adjusted to the stock's value at the time of the customer's death, which was $50. Therefore, when the daughter sold the shares for $45, she had a capital loss of $5.

The daughter inherits the ABC stock from her deceased parent. For tax purposes, the cost basis of inherited stocks is usually the fair market value at the time of the original owner's death. In this case, the fair market value of the stock when the customer dies is $50, so the daughter's cost basis in the security is $50.

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It is generally considered inappropriate to allow an individual within an organization to have responsibility for both record-keeping and authorization duties.  True

This is because such a situation creates a potential conflict of interest, and may increase the risk of fraud or errors. When the same individual has the power to both record transactions and authorize them, there is a higher risk that they could manipulate records or approve transactions that are not in the best interest of the organization.

To prevent such situations, companies should establish proper internal controls that clearly define roles and responsibilities and ensure that different individuals perform these functions.

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When the inflation rate was 5 percent, the cost of a gallon of petrol at the pump rose by 10 percent. The real price of petrol grew by 4.76 percent while the nominal price increased by 10%.

The nominal price of a good or service is its absolute price in terms of dollars or any other currency, while the real price is its nominal price adjusted for inflation. In this scenario, the nominal price of gasoline increased by 10 percent, reflecting the actual increase in the dollar value of gasoline at the pump.

However, the real price of gasoline increased by 4.76 percent because it takes into account the effect of inflation, which was 5 percent at the same time. This means that the 10 percent nominal price increase of gasoline was partially due to inflation and not solely reflective of an increase in the actual value of gasoline.

As a result, the increase in the real price of gasoline may impact consumers differently than the nominal price increase alone. For instance, if a consumer's income did not increase at the same rate as inflation, they may find it more difficult to afford the same amount of gasoline, despite the 10 percent nominal price increase.

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If Buyer Kyle did not discuss or provide any earnest money or option monies as a part of the contract, then Seller George may have the legal right to void the contract.

However, this would depend on the specific terms and conditions mentioned in the contract. If the contract does not specify anything about the earnest money or option monies, then Seller George may have a hard time arguing that the absence of these elements is a breach of contract.

It is important to remember that a contract is a legally binding agreement between two parties, and it should include all the essential terms and conditions that both parties agree to. If any of these terms are missing, it may leave room for ambiguity and confusion.

Therefore, it is always recommended to have all the important terms and conditions clearly stated in the contract, including earnest money and option monies, to avoid any potential issues or misunderstandings.

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Some of most important considerations when developing an IT infrastructure plan includes organization's:

It is very important to take into account the specific needs of the organization which includes assessing current IT infrastructure, identifying areas for improvement and determining the budget available for implementation.

The security is also a great consideration as well as scalability and flexibility to accommodate future growth and changes. For a new business, the plan will likely be developed from scratch but for existing business, the plan may involve updating and upgrading the current infrastructure.

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The answer is The number of outstanding shares is- a. 12,000 shares.

The number of outstanding shares refers to the total number of shares that have been issued by a corporation and are currently held by investors.

To calculate this, we must subtract the number of treasury shares from the total number of issued shares. In this case, the corporation has authorized 20,000 shares, issued 15,000 shares, and holds 3,000 shares in its treasury. Therefore, the number of outstanding shares is 15,000 - 3,000 = 12,000 shares.

This means that 12,000 shares are currently held by investors and can be bought and sold on the stock market. The other 3,000 shares are not considered outstanding because they are held by the corporation itself.

Hence, option a. is correct.

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