An important piece of information in the management of a person infected with a chronic virus such as HIV is his/her "viral load" or how many virus particles can be detected. If before PCR, a patient had a viral load of 1.6 x 104 viral particles. What would be the amount of DNA in the sample after the completion of the first PCR cycle?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

the answer is 3.2 x 10⁴

Explanation:

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique widely used in molecular biology to exponentially amplify a specific DNA sample from a small amount of DNA. For this purpose, the PCR technique uses: 1- a DNA polymerase enzyme in order to synthesize new DNA copies and 2- one pair of DNA oligonucleotides (primers) which are complementary to the ends of the target DNA sequence. During each round of PCR, the double-stranded DNA template is unwound and each strand is used to synthesize a new DNA strand, thereby forming two new double-stranded DNA molecules. In consequence, each round of PCR doubles the amount of DNA.


Related Questions

Which of the following is most likely to occur due to severe winds during a hurricane

Answers

Where is the image or options?
Isn’t there supposed to be options or an image or something?

Gregor Mendel studied pea plants to determine the patterns of inheritance. What is not a reason Mendel used pea plants in his experiments? Check all that apply. They reproduced sexually. They were drought resistant. They had traits that were easy to observe. They only had two traits to study.

Answers

Answer:

B and D

Part 2 is C

Explanation:

on edge 2020

The following are not reasons Mendel chose pea plants for his experiments:

They were drought resistantThey only had two traits to study.

GREGOR MENDEL INHERITANCE:Gregor Mendel is regarded as the Father of genetics because of the immense role he played in the inheritance of traits.

Mendel chose pea plants for his experiment due to certain reasons, which include the following:

Easy to grow in the garden.The flowers of pea plants are hermaphrodite.Easy to obtain pure breed plant through self-fertilizationThey possessed easily observable traits. They have excellent disease resistance

Therefore, the following are not reasons Mendel chose pea plants for his experiments:

They were drought resistantThey only had two traits to study.

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The image above is of a microscope specimen In your answer explain the following:
• What tissue this is
what body system it belongs to
• What types of cells are shown
• explain at least one function of one cell shown

Answers

Answer:

I can't see the picture of the cell,!

During nitrogen fixation, nitrogen gas in the atmosphere is converted into a form that ____ can use. a plants b animals c humans d all of the above

Answers

Answer:

A. Plants

Explanation:

Nitrogen fixation is one of the processes involved in the NITROGEN CYCLE. It is the process whereby atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into nitrogenous compounds such as ammonia, nitrates by certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as AZOTOBACTER.

The nitrogenous compounds which nitrogen fixation converts N2 into are in a form that PLANTS can use. Plants cannot utilize nitrogen gas, hence, the importance of this conversion into a form that plant can make use of.

PLS HELP I’m not sure which one it is lol

Answers

Answer:

Option B)

Explanation:

A moon is a celestial body that revolves around a planet.

The others are wrong because, a planet orbits around the sun, not the sun orbiting the planet.

A meteor does not have a fixed orbit, and asteroids orbit around the star near it, in our case, the asteroid belt orbits the sun.

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Thank You!!

A person with undiagnosed diabetes had the following symptoms. One of the symptoms of diabetes is thirst. Which of the following best explains the symptom

Answers

Answer:

the symptom isnt diabetes thats the diagonistic

Explanation:

This is for keishaburr13 only please no one else answer this thank you ​

Answers

Answer:

sorry. I can't not answer this question now cause i already submitted  it. i did not mean to.

What pathway uses fat reserves to produce ATP?


aerobic respiration


anaerobic respiration


creatine phosphate

In which type of exercise would fat reserves be used to create ATP?


a strenuous, short hike with many steep climbs


a moderate, but long hike over gently rolling hills

Answers

Aerobic and a moderate but long hike over gently rolling hills. If you need explanation I can help.

Answer:

The first one is A: aerobic respiration

The second one is B: a moderate, but long hike over gently rolling hills

Explanation:

Got them right on edge 2021

You are conducting an experiment to discover which were mosquito repellent works best.

Independent variable-
Dependent variable-

Answers

Answer: I think

Dependent: The repellent

Independent: The Mosquitos

Rocks, streams, chipmunks, and wildflowers make up a(n)

Answers

Answer:

Rocks, streams, chipmunks, and wildflowers make up a(n) ecosystem.

For which object would a geologist use carbon-14 dating to determine age?
O Animal bones
O Fossilized plants
O Sedimentary rocks
O Volcanic rock

Answers

Answer:

O Animal bones

Explanation:

In the upper atmosphere, Radioactive Carbon-14 is usually produced. In plants, it is incorporated by photosynthesis into organic molecules, later ingested by hetrotrophs.

It is used for the radiocarbon dating process of fossils and formations. Because of the unstable nature of the isotope used and the consistent rate of decay, radioactive isotope dating is an important way of detection in organic material. Here, this is a the measure of the time taken for half of the radioactive material to break down- this is called the half life for Carbon this is 5,730 years.

In animals, the Carbon-14 ingested is eventually incoporated into their bones. After they die, bones become dessicated, and the Carbon 14 is slowly broken down to become Nitrogen.

Answer:

a animal bones

Explanation:got it rite on edg

2020


8 What is the complimentary mRNA sequence to the DNA sequence A-T-T-G-C-A.

Answers

Answer:

T-A-A-C-G-T

Explanation:

mRNA → Polypeptide

In order to translate an mRNA sequence into a polypeptide chain, it is important to establish the correct reading frame

The mRNA transcript is organised into triplets of bases called codons, and as such three different reading frames exists

An open reading frame starts with AUG and will continue in triplets to a termination codon

A blocked reading frame may be frequently interrupted by termination codons

Once the start codon (AUG) has been located and reading frame established, the corresponding amino acid sequence can be deduced using the genetic code

Example: (mRNA) GUAUGCACGUGACUUUCCUCAUGAGCUGAU

Answer: (codons) GU AUG CAC GUG ACU UUC CUC AUG AGC UGA U

What part of the bone produces blood?

Answers

Answer:

Bone marrow.

Explanation:

How can scientists use anatomical structures and embryology as evidence of how organisms evolved?

Answers

Embryology, the study of the development of the anatomy of an organism to its adult form, provides evidence for evolution as embryo formation in widely-divergent groups of organisms tends to be conserved. ... Another form of evidence of evolution is the convergence of form in organisms that share similar environments.

The color of a photopigment is due to:_________.a) the season of the year.b) the color of light that it reflects.c) the color of light that it absorbs.d) the color of the leaf.the color of light.

Answers

the color of the light

photopigment are unstable pigments that undergo a chemical change when they absorb light

The color of a photopigment is due to the color of light that it reflects.

A pigment absorbs light at a specific range. Every other light not absorbed is reflected by such pigment.

The phenotypic color of a pigment is a function of the color of the light it reflects. A photopigment as its name implies is a pigment that has the ability to absorb light to become unstable.

An example of pigment and its characteristic color is:Chlorophyll; appears green because it reflects green light and absorbs blue and red.

Therefore, the color of a photopigment is due to the color of light that it reflects.

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What is the answer to this

Answers

the answer is C i believe


The movement of molecules through cell membranes is an extremely important biological process called _____

Answers

Answer:

Omggggg i know this oneeeeee. its diffusion i learned this last yearrrrrr. your welcome for whoever u are;)

Explanation:

Diffusion! Haha forks
Snrhdoendndnr. Rnfnf

Loss of what component in the extracellular matrix would result in lack of adhesion?

O A. Elastin

OB. GAGS

C. Collagen

OD. Fibronectin

Answers

Answer:

c. collagen

Explanation:

because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages

The extracellular matrix is composed of many proteins with different functions. One of them is Fibronectin. The loss of Fibronectin in the extracellular matrix would result in a lack of adhesion.

What is the connective tissue?

The connective tissue is composed of cells notoriously separated by the abundant extracellular matrix.

The different connective tissues differ from each other in the properties of their matrix.

What is the extracellular matrix?The extracellular matrix is produced by fibroblasts, which is a predominant cell population.

The extracellular matrix has fibrillar proteins of different nature such as collagen, fibrillin, and elastin that determine tension properties.  

There are also adessive proteins such as fibronectin and laminin.

These proteins are included in a medium containing water, salts, GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and other macromolecules. All of them confer turgidity and facilitate diffusion.

According to this framework, the loss of Fibronectin in the extracellular matrix would result in lack of adhesion.

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Which of the following is NOT a type of transportation used in plants?
Individual cells
O Root to stem
O Cell to cell
Transport of sap within the xylem and phloem

Answers

Answer:

Transport of sap within the xylem and phloem

Explanation:

After photosynthesis sugars move through the mesophyll via plasmodesmata; here, they reach phloem sieve tube elements in vascular bundles. From the STEs, they are actively transported against their concentration gradient to the phloem.

When the sugars enter the phloem, water moves across from the xylem tube into the phloem. This increases the water pressure inside the phloem, causing the sap to move towards sinks.

Thus translocation of sap only involves the phloem.

When molecules are exposed to heat, they
A
stop moving completely.
B
begin to slow down.
C
start to move faster.
D
explode.

Answers

Answer:

C

Explanation:

When heat is added to a substance, the molecules and atoms vibrate faster. As atoms vibrate faster, the space between atoms increases. The motion and spacing of the particles determines the state of matter of the substance. The end result of increased molecular motion is that the object expands and takes up more space.

5. A cross is made between a pea plant that has constricted pods (a recessive trait; smooth is dominant) and is heterozygous for seed color (yellow is dominant to green) and a plant that is heterozygous for both pod texture and seed color. Construct a Punnett square that depicts this cross. What are the predicted outcomes of genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring

Answers

Answer:

Genotypes:

    - 1/8 SsYY

    - 2/8 SsYy

    - 1/8 ssYY              

    - 2/8 ssYy

    - 1/8 Ssyy

    - 1/8 ssyy

    Phenotypes: 3:3:1:1

   - 3/8 smooth-pod and yellow-seeded (SsYY + SsYy)

   - 3/8 constrict-poded and yellow-seeded (ssYY + ssYy)

   - 1/8 smooth-pod and green-seeded (Ssyy)

   - 1/8 smooth-pod and green-seeded (ssyy)

Explanation:

Available data:

The two forms of the diallelic gene for pod texture are constricted and smooth. The dominant allele S expresses smooth pod The recessive allele s expresses constricted podThe two forms of the diallelic gene for seed color are yellow and greenThe dominant allele Y expresses YellowThe recessive allele y expresses green

Cross: a pea plant that has constricted pods and is heterozygous for seed color with a plant that is heterozygous for both pod texture and seed color.

Parental) ss Yy      x      SsYy

Gametes) sY  sy   sY   sy

                SY  Sy  sY   sy

Punnet square)

                             sY         sy         sY        sy

               SY      SsYY     SsYy    SsYY    SsYy

               Sy       SsYy     Ssyy     SsYy     Ssyy

               sY       ssYY     ssYy     ssYY     ssYy

               sy        ssYy     ssyy      ssYy     ssyy

F1) Genotypes:

    - 2/16 = 1/8 SsYY

    - 4/16 = 2/8 SsYy

    - 2/16 = 1/8 ssYY              

    - 4/16 = 2/4 ssYy

    - 2/16 = 1/8 Ssyy

    - 2/16 = 1/8 ssyy

    Phenotypes:

   - 6/16 = 3/8 smooth-pod and yellow-seeded (SsYY + SsYy)

   - 6/16 = 3/8 constrict-pod and yellow-seeded (ssYY + ssYy)

   - 2/16 = 1/8 smooth-pod and green-seeded (Ssyy)

   - 2/16 = 1/8 smooth-pod and green-seeded (ssyy)

     

Which two features of igneous rocks are determined by their cooling rate?

color and shininess
shininess and hardness
hardness and crystal size
crystal size and rock texture

On Edge 2020

Answers

Answer:

Crystal Size and Rock Texture

Explanation:

Extrusive rocks are also known as volcanic rocks. Igneous rocks are classified according to their texture and mineral or chemical content. The texture of the rock is determined by the rate of cooling. The slower the rock cools, the larger the crystals form.

The two features of igneous rocks are determined by their cooling rate are Crystal Size and Rock Texture. Thus, option D is correct.

What are rocks?

Rocks has been known as volcanic rocks. Igneous rocks has been classified just according to their texture including the mineral or the chemical content. The texture of the rock has been determined by the rate of cooling. The slower the rock cools, or the larger the crystals form.

Bioclastic rocks are wholly or partially comprised of compacted plant or animal remains. Bioclastic rocks will often have fossils within them upon discovery. Most sedimentary rocks contain either quartz (siliciclastic rocks) or calcite (carbonate rocks).

Bioclastic sedimentary rocks are clastic sedimentary rocks, where the broken pieces making up all or part of the rock happen to be pieces of biological life forms- most typically, these are shelly fossil fragments. Most bioclastic sedimentary rocks are marine, mostly because very few land animals leave enough remains to survive being transported.

Therefore, The two features of igneous rocks are determined by their cooling rate are Crystal Size and Rock Texture. Thus, option D is correct.

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The primary function of the cell wall is to o support and protect the cell. A store DNA. B direct the activities of the cell. C .help the cell move.​

Answers

Answer:

Support and Protect the cell.

Explanation:

Will mark brainliest!!!

Answers

Answer:

water

Explanation:

The molecules that are used up in photosynthesis are water and carbon dioxide.

Answer:

D. Water

Explanation:

The molecule that is used up during this process is Water.

An individual that is heterozygous for flower color and for height (PpTt) is test crossed. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring

Answers

Answer:

9:3:3:1

Explanation:

This type of crossing that involves two characters is referred to as dihybrid crossing. Generally, when there is a dihybrid crossing for heterozygous genes for both parents, the phenotypic ratio is usually 9:3:3:1 as shown in the figure in the attached document below.

Assuming the colour is White (P) and Black (p) and the

Height is Tall (T) and short (t)

The possible phenotypes will be in the ration

9 - White and Tall

3 - White and short

3 - Black and Tall

1 - Black and short

It should be noted that phenotypic ratio (phenotype) describes the outward appearance (what can be see physically) and not the genetic make-up. Thus, where there is a dominant character like P or T, the recessive characters are not considered to have been expressed.

During heavy exercise when supply of oxygen to our muscles/cells is insufficient, energy (ATP) is produced by...

Answers

Lactic acid fermentation plz Mark brainliest
when there is not enough oxygen, fermentation will occur in the cell’s cytoplasm to produce ATP. lactic acid will also be produced which is what makes your muscles sore after exercise

recent mass extinction

Answers


The most recent and arguably best-known, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which occurred approximately 66 Ma (million years ago), was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically short period of time.

How does the evidence support the central idea that cane sugar helped lead to the abolition of slavery? The evidence explains that modern technology triggered the shift from cane sugar to beet sugar. The evidence reveals that sugar barons in Cuba and Russia freed enslaved people and serfs. The evidence reveals that the author's family members were hardworking serfs on Russian farms. The evidence details how the modern technologies were used for large-scale sugar planting.

Answers

it kept saying incorrect but i know it was correct

Answer:

B

Explanation:

took the test

Why do you think Lavoissier exposed a mouse to the gas he collected from mercury?

Answers

Maybe to see if the gas was safe to mammals and if not, what the effects were.

Answer:

Thus, in a confined space, candles were extinguished and mice died. Priestley believed his “pure air” enhanced respiration and caused candles to burn longer because it was free of phlogiston. For this reason, he called the gas that he obtained from decomposing mercury calx dephlogisticated air.

Explanation:

1
درکه
1
Which of the following effects can occur because of the high surface tension of water?
A. Organisms can resist temperature changes, although they give off heat due to chemical
reactions
| B. A raft spider can walk the surface of a small pond
C. Sweat can evaporate from the skin, helping to keep people from overheating
D. Lakes cannot freeze solid in winter, despite low temperatures

Answers

Answer:

D.Lakes cannot freeze solid in winter,despite low temperatures

The effects can occur because of the high surface tension of water is - B. A raft spider can walk the surface of a small pond

The properties of water molecules such as surface tension, cohesion, adhesion are the attraction force between water molecules that causes the sticking of the water molecules. It takes place due to hydrogen bonding between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

Surface tension is a type of this property where water molecules remain attached together.  

Surface tension is:

Tightness across the surface of the water.Attraction force work between molecules due to polaritySmall insects can skate or walk on water such as raft spiders due to surface tensionCauses raindrops to form round beads when they fall.

Thus, the effects can occur because of the high surface tension of water is - B. A raft spider can walk the surface of a small pond

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