All of the following elements are common to all loving attachments, including giving support, valuing the loved one, mutual understanding, and physical affection. These elements are often present in healthy and fulfilling relationships characterized by love and affection.
Giving support involves being there for the loved one, offering emotional, practical, and sometimes financial assistance when needed. Valuing the loved one entails recognizing their worth, appreciating their qualities, and respecting their individuality. Mutual understanding involves empathizing with each other, communicating effectively, and having a shared understanding of each other's thoughts, feelings, and perspectives.
Physical affection includes various forms of touch, such as hugging, holding hands, kissing, and expressing love through physical gestures.
Therefore, all of the elements mentioned (giving support, valuing the loved one, mutual understanding, and physical affection) are typically present in loving attachments and contribute to the strength and intimacy of the relationship.
Learn more about Physical affection
https://brainly.com/question/28268977
#SPJ4
Howard gardner is most likely to agree that the concept of intelligence includes:.
Howard Gardner is most likely to agree that the concept of intelligence includes spatially analyzing visual input.
What is spatially analyzing visual input?The auditory brain of numerous animals currently include neurons that respond to visual stimulus, although their activities are mostly unclear. The auditory and visual-spatial sensitivity of neurons recorded in 5 separate primary and non-primary auditory cortex regions of the ferret is investigated here. We measured neural responses to stimuli presented over a variety of azimuthal locations and calculated the mutual information (MI) between the neural responses and the location of the stimuli that provoked them. MI estimates of spatial tuning for unisensory visual, unisensory audio, and geographically and temporally simultaneous auditory-visual stimuli were determined.
To learn more about spatially analyzing visual input from the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/15319136
#SPJ4
Situations in which you might want to remove your weight system include: select one: emergencies. controlled seated entries. small boat exits. both the first and third answers are correct.
Situations in which you might want to remove your weight system include emergencies and small boat exits.
How does Scuba diving work with Integrated weights?
Integral weights are part of your BCD, so you won't need to bother about carrying or caring for a separate piece of gear. The fact that your equipment becomes significantly heavier while the weights are in the BCD is the sole drawback.
The fact that nothing is hanging about your belly now is positive, and most divers will agree that these weight systems are considerably more comfortable, is another advantage.
Weight systems make the descent much simpler while still enabling quick and simple ascent when necessary. When it comes to the weights you use for diving, you have a few alternatives.
Hence, the correct option is (C) Both the first and third answers.
Learn more about Scuba Diving here:
https://brainly.com/question/1783647
# SPJ1
Cultural apprehension of mass migration stems in many developed countries from fear of loss of national identity, including factors like:
Cultural apprehension of mass migration stems in many developed countries from fear of loss of national identity, including factors like Language and Religion.
In truth, migrants increase the range of society (Collier, 2013) and despite the fact that no longer all immigrants are ethnically special from the local populace, ethnic heterogeneity in current society is largely pushed via the mounting wave of immigration.
The impacts of immigration on the financial system pass beyond the direct effects on the roles and wages of natives, simply because the economic effects of exchange are not most effective approximately decreased costs for customers for reasonably-priced imports—additionally they consist of expanded competition, era switch, the improvement of established supply chains.
Your question is incomplete. Please read below to find the missing content.
Cultural apprehension of mass migration stems in many developed countries from fear of loss of national identity, including factors like:
Language and religion
social culture
black and white
Learn more about immigrants here: https://brainly.com/question/12079472
#SPJ4
Which of the following statements does NOT describe a difference between forced migration of African slaves and other migrants
Slaves were sent mostly to Brazil and integrated into the society while other migrants to North America are subject to racism does NOT describe a difference between the forced migration of African slaves and other migrants
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) defines migrants as (1) persons who have moved or moved across national borders or within the country from their normal place of residence, regardless of their legal status. (2) Is the exercise voluntary or involuntary? (3) What is the cause of the movement? Or (4) Length of stay.
A generic term not defined by international law that reflects the general understanding of those who leave their normal place of residence, either temporarily or permanently, for a variety of reasons, either domestically or across national borders. The term includes a number of well-defined legal groups. B. Migrant workers; are individuals whose specific types of movements are defined by law. B. Smuggled migrants; also those whose status or mode of transportation is not explicitly defined by international law. B. International student.
Learn more about Migration here
https://brainly.com/question/6663692
#SPJ4
The scaffolding theory of cognitive aging-revised (STAC-r) model suggests that the reason older adults continue to perform at ______ levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding. Group of answer choices low superior high unpredictable
The scaffolding theory of the cognitive aging-revised (STAC-r) model suggests that the reason older adults continue to perform at high levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.
Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive aging-revisedThroughout the lifespan, brain dynamics are characterized by a process called scaffolding. It is the brain's typical reaction to difficulty, not just the brain's natural aging process. Young adults' brains' reactions to learning unfamiliar skills have been described in terms of the scaffolding theory of cognitive.The Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive Aging (STAC), a contemporary theory that aims to lessen the effects of aging-related cognitive decline, contends that functional changes with aging are a result of a lifelong process of compensatory cognitive scaffolding.According to STAC, the brain is a dynamically adaptable structure that ages in both beneficial and detrimental ways.To learn more about the Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive aging-revised refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/26481147
#SPJ4
Lithium has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of ________ disorders. However, clients frequently refuse to take this drug because it ________. Group of answer choices
Lithium has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of bipolar disorders. However, clients frequently refuse to take this drug because it reduces their positive feelings.
What are bipolar disorders?
Bipolar disorder is a condition characterized by episodes of mood swings that range from manic to depressive highs.
Although the precise origin of bipolar disorders is unknown, genetics, the environment, and changed brain chemistry may all be contributory factors.
High activity, a decreased need for sleep, and a loss of reality are all signs of manic episodes. Low energy, lack of motivation, and a loss of interest in daily tasks are all possible indicators of depressive episodes. Mood swings can linger for days or even months at a time and are sometimes accompanied by thoughts.
The majority of the time, treatment is lifelong and includes both medicine and psychotherapy.
Learn more about bipolar disorders here:
https://brainly.com/question/14293131
#SPJ4
A teenager focused on texting while crossing the street is not likely to notice a car rounding the corner and about to cross her path. this best illustrates the impact of:________
A teenager crossing the street while texting is unlikely to see a car coming around the corner and heading straight for her would be an example of Selective attention.
The ability to choose and concentrate on a certain input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing extraneous or distracting information is referred to as selective attention.
The act of concentrating on one specific element of the environment for a predetermined amount of time is known as selective attention. Selective attention enables us to tune out unimportant details and concentrate on what really matters because attention is a finite resource.
When a person must pay attention to several things at once, the other two types of attention (alternating and divided) are required.
Learn more about texting here
https://brainly.com/question/20393069
#SPJ4
What is the maturity preference theory?
The maturity preference theory states that investors prefer cash or other liquid investments, all other things being equal, so investors charge higher interest rates or premiums on risky long-term securities. A model that suggests that you need to.
Keynesian term preference theory describes the relationship between interest rates, liquidity preferences, and the amount of supply of money supply. It explains money and liquidity preferences and why long-term financial investments demand and receive high-interest rates.
Yield curve expectation theory states that the returns of financial assets with different maturities are primarily related to market expectations of future returns. Expectancy theory has played an important role at various times in both theoretical and political debates.
Learn more about liquidity here: https://brainly.com/question/14267462
#SPJ1
The factors that distinguish love from friendship are __________ and __________.
Answer:
-Passion. AND -Caring.
What is creative reuse? Why is it necessary? How is it beneficial?
Giving anything that is no longer in use a new purpose and second life is known as creative reuse or upcycling.
Taking something that is no longer in use and giving it a new purpose via creative reuse is known as upcycling. By doing this, the final product frequently improves upon its initial functionality, worth, and aesthetic appeal.
Public waste that can be recycled and given new life is collected by creative reuse centers like SCRAP Creative Reuse. Numerous centers donate these things to teachers, charities, or other groups for additional usage or offer them to the general public for a discount.
Creative reuse ingeniously transforms older objects into new ones, avoiding standard recycling's energy expenditures and ineffective output. Traditional recycling breaks down "waste" materials in order to convert them into wholly new products.
To learn more about reuse refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/26106343
#SPJ1
Sigmund freud's psychosexual stages focus on several parts of the body, identified as?
Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages focus on several parts of the body, identified as erogenous zones.
Sigmund Freud characterize an erogenous zone as an area of the body that is particularly sensitive to stimulation. During the five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, phallic, an-al, latent, and genital stages, the erogenous zone associated with each stage serves as a different source of pleasure.
These psychosexual stages capture the main growth points of a person from infancy to adulthood which focuses on different facets of needs, desires and wants. According to Freud, these pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
Hence, Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages focuses on erogenous zones.
To learn more about erogenous zones here:
https://brainly.com/question/9789948
#SPJ1
Alanza has a __________ sexual dysfunction as it occurs every time she engages in sexual activity.
Alanza has a generalized sexual dysfunction as it occurs every time she engages in sexual activity.
Sexual dysfunction refers to any problem that a couple or individual has that prevents them from enjoying or engaging in normal sexual activity. There are four main stages of sexual activity. A healthy adult can go through all of these stages, even if they only go through one or two at a time. However, sexual dysfunction can occur at any stage.
The four stages are:
Lust - This is the stage in which a person thinks or fantasizes about sex. When Gina watches a movie with George Clooney, she immediately goes into lust mode! Arousal - After lust, a person's body begins to undergo certain changes in preparation for sexual intercourse. The heart can arrhythmia, breathing becomes shallower, and a person feels warm. Basically, desire is in the mind and arousal is the expression of desire in the body. Orgasm - Once stimulation leads to sexual activity, that activity leads to the release of sexual tension known as orgasm. Resolution - After orgasm, the body relaxes and the brain is flooded with "feel-good" chemicals. This feeling of relaxation and satisfaction is called resolution.To learn more about sexual dysfunction:
https://brainly.com/question/9930877
#SPJ4
In 2016 nelson reported that us adults spent a little over__ hours a week watching tv.
In 2016 nelson reported that US adults spent a little over 11 hours a week watching tv.
The world is more connected than ever, and viewers in the United States have never had more ways to access content than they do today. In short, US consumers don't get enough content, and the way marketers reach consumers is fragmented, but it's a good opportunity to miss.
American adults listen to, watch, read, and interact with the media for more than 11 hours a day. In fact, an American adult listens to, watches, reads, and interacts with the media for more than 11 hours a day. Behind this increase is the increasing use of new platforms and the younger multicultural generation using them.
learn more about adults spend watching television here: https://brainly.com/question/17205928
#SPJ4
What factors can lead a negotiator to be a uncertain about his or her batna?
Factors that can lead a negotiator to be a uncertain about his or her BATNA are Potential alternatives arrive sequentially, rather than all at the same time
The course of action that a party engaged in negotiations will pursue in the event that talks break down and no agreement can be reached is known as the best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA). A side cannot decide to accept an agreement in an educated manner unless they are aware of their alternatives, which is why BATNAs are essential in negotiations. Prior to starting talks, it's critical to take all reasonable steps to prepare in order to achieve the best outcome. This implies that in addition to creating a solid BATNA in preparation, you need also look into the BATNAs that the opposition may have. Don't let the opposing side try to minimise your BATNA; instead, you should anticipate that they would do the same.
To learn more about BATNA here,
https://brainly.com/question/15973910
#SPJ4
The – program is a – program that primarily provides medical benefits for women and children living in poverty, while – is a – program to provide medical benefits for the elderly.
The Medicaid program is a state-operated program that primarily provides medical benefits for women and children living in poverty, while Medicare is a federally operated program to provide medical benefits for the elderly.
Medicaid is the nation's public health insurance program that primarily provides medical benefits for women and children with low income. Medicaid is a state-operated program, whose purpose is to provide payment for a range of medical services for persons with low income and resources.
Medicare is a federally operated insurance program to provide medical benefits for people of 65 years or older, certain people with disabilities, and people with end-stage renal disease.
Hence, both the programs, Medicaid and Medicare provide their own benefits.
To learn more about Medicaid and Medicare here:
https://brainly.com/question/13024687
#SPJ4
The ________ tide component tends to make high tides appear about one hour later each day.
The lunar tide component tends to make high tides appear about one hour later each day.
High and low tides are caused by the moon. The moon's gravitational pull creates what are known as tidal forces. Tidal forces cause the Earth and its water to bulge on the side closest to the Moon and on the side furthest from it. These water masses are floods.
As the Earth rotates, your area of the Earth cycles through these two bulges of her every day. If you are in one of the bulges, you will experience a high tide.
If you're not in the bulge, it's low tide. This cycle of her two high tides and her two low tides occurs most days on most coasts around the world.
Learn more about tides here: https://brainly.com/question/2604305
#SPJ4
When physical characteristics, such as early onset of menstruation or increased height and weight due to better nutrition, change over the course of several generations, it is called a __________.
When physical characteristics, such as early onset of menstruation or increased height and weight due to better nutrition, change over the course of several generations, it is called a Menarche.
The menarche, or beginning of menstruation, typically takes place between the ages of 11 and 16 years.
The biology of the female body, as well as genetic, environmental, and particularly nutritional variables, affect the time of menarche.
Over the past century, the average age of menarche has decreased, but the extent of the decrease and the causes are still debatable.
Menarche typically occurs between the ages of 8 and 16, with a small percentage of girls experiencing it by age 10 and the vast majority by the time they were 14.
The average age of menarche worldwide is very difficult to estimate accurately, and it varies significantly by geographic region, race, ethnicity, and other characteristics.
To learn more about Menstruation here
https://brainly.com/question/9864045
#SPJ4
Reinforcing_________________ is one of the four general approaches to treating problem behavior reviewed in this module.
Reinforcing the absence of problem behavior is one of the four general approaches to treating problem behavior reviewed in this module.
What is reinforcing?This is an act of given strength by adding material or support for strength so as to overcome a challenge
The material added is dependent on the what is reinforced.
Problem behaviors are problems associated with an individual behavior which are not acceptable. It is possible to have disruptive behavior but it is not good to stay long in it.
It is therefore important to reinforce or guide against problem behavior by adding strength such as training, therapy to overcome.
Reinforcing serves as a treatment or therapy against further occurrence of any unwanted behavior or attitude that can affect ones life.
Learn more on behavior below
https://brainly.com/question/24518056
#SPJ1
In a(n) ________, people answer to a group, hear testimony against themselves, are found guilty and have their statuses as group member removed.
In a degradation ceremony, people answer to a group, hear testimony against themselves, are found guilty and have their statuses as group members removed.
The process of converting one's entire identity into a lower-status identity and expelling a person from the group is referred to as a "degradation ritual." Degradation ceremonies, as described by sociologist Harold Garfinkel, are thought to be an everyday occurrence.
The phrase emphasizes the effects of society's response to ordinary misbehavior. Garfinkel identified five elements that make a degradation ceremony successful after researching its goals and outcomes. Degradation ceremonies can be formal or informal, and they can be seen in daily life through customs that are shared by all members of society.
In a ceremony of degradation, the event is witnessed by witnesses and is conducted in front of the public.
To learn more about the degradation ceremony refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/11516426
#SPJ1
Though he did not win, how might ross perot’s run as a third-party candidate have affected the 1992 presidential election?
It is conceivable that Perot "stole" enough votes from Bush to swing the election in Bill Clinton's favor because he received almost 19% of the vote while Bush received less than 6% of the vote.
What was the major issue in the 1992 presidential election?
The government deficit had increased, and the American economy had entered a recession. Bush's breaking of his commitment to not raise taxes during his 1988 campaign infuriated the public. Clinton was prepared to take advantage of Bush's political issues by 1992.
What independent candidate had a major impact on the election of 1992?
Ross Perot made an unsuccessful independent run for president of the United States in 1992. Perot, a Texas industrialist with expertise running multiple successful businesses, had never held public office but had been active in public affairs for the previous three decades.
Learn more about the 1992 presidential election: https://brainly.com/question/1490218
#SPJ4
You hear a scream and some loud noises coming from a few feet away in the crowded school playground. As you walk quickly across the playground, you tell yourself to do what first
You hear a scream and some loud noises from a few feet away in the crowded school playground. Walking across the playground, you tell yourself to stop and check the scene for safety first.
Avoiding dimly lit locations can help you feel safer, but you shouldn't assume that everything is safe and secure there.
Regardless of where you go or whether you walk alone, it is imperative that you pay attention to your surroundings and exercise caution. You can take a variety of precautions to guarantee your safety at night.
Make sure to map out your trip in advance. This can prevent you from getting lost if you are walking in an unfamiliar region. You'll be able to stroll with assurance.
Never use your phone while walking for social calls or listening to music. In the event that you spot something fishy, your phone can save your life.
To learn more about Safety first refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/9746919
#SPJ1
The power of state and local governments in the united states to regulate in the interest of the health, safety and welfare of citizens in general is known as?
The power of state and local governments in the united states to regulate in the interest of the health, safety, and welfare of citizens, in general, is known as police powers.
Police powers of the states are an expression of civil authority, i.e., the nation's capability to manipulate, adjust, or restrict non-criminal behavior. fitness officials can also use those powers to compel treatment, restrict or direct a specific behavior, or detain and isolate in a quasi-crook nature.
The inherent energy of a central authority to workout reasonably manipulate individuals and property within its jurisdiction in the interest of the overall safety, health, safety, morals, and welfare which is legally prohibited.
Some examples of police power are: the proper to modify land use through a popular plan and zoning. the right to require people promoting actual estate to be licensed. the right to regulate pollution, environmental manipulation, and rent control.
Learn more about the police powers here: https://brainly.com/question/17526232
#SPJ1
A message is considered spam only if it is both unsolicited and part of a bulk transmission. true false
This statement is true, a message is considered spam only if it is both unsolicited and part of a bulk transmission.
what is considered spamming?
Spamming is the practice of repeatedly sending the same message to the same user for commercial advertising, non-commercial proselytizing, or any other prohibited purpose (especially the fraudulent purpose of phishing). It also refers to the use of messaging systems to send multiple unsolicited messages (spam) to large numbers of recipients.
Is spamming text illegal?
According to the Federal Trade Commission, sending unwanted spam or promotional text messages to a wireless device is prohibited.
What happens if I respond to a spam text?
It's quite improbable that receiving or responding to a spam text can give your phone a virus or malware infection.
Learn more about spamming: https://brainly.com/question/13602953
#SPJ4
To reduce workplace injuries, Dr. Gonzalez, an industrial and organizational psychologist, recommends that a manufacturing company install bright lights in a plant in which many employees work the 11 P.M. to 7 A.M. shift. As a psychologist, she knows that lights simulating morning sun will help the suprachiasmatic nucleus to reduce the _____ gland's production of the sleep-inducing hormone ______.
As a psychologist, she knows that lights simulating morning sun will help the suprachiasmatic nucleus to reduce the pineal gland's production of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin.
What is suprachiasmatic nucleus?Suprachiasmatic nucleus is a nucleus that is found or located in the brain and this nucleus perform important function as they help to control or regulate hormones as well as how the body sleeps and wake.
Hence, As a psychologist, she knows that lights simulating morning sun will help the suprachiasmatic nucleus to reduce the pineal gland's production of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin.
Learn more about Suprachiasmatic nucleus here:https://brainly.com/question/4106412
#SPJ1
People's scores on a test of a personality trait such as extraversion are _____ predictors of how agreeable they will act in one particular situation. However, their scores are _____ predictors of how agreeable they will act on average over many different situations.
People's scores on a test of a personality trait such as extraversion are poor predictors of how agreeable they will act in one particular situation. However, their scores are good predictors of how agreeable they will act on average over many different situations.
Personality traitsIntellectually inquiring, artistically inclined, and sensitive to beauty are three characteristics of those who are open to experience. In comparison to closed people, they frequently exhibit greater creativity and emotional awareness.Conscientiousness is the propensity to exercise self-control, carry out one's duties, and strive for success in comparison to benchmarks or external expectations. This characteristic demonstrates a preference for planned behavior over spontaneous behavior. It has an impact on how we manage, curb, and focus our impulsive behavior.Positive feelings, a sense of urgency, and a propensity to look for stimulation and social interaction are all traits of extraversion. The attribute is distinguished by a strong interaction with the outside world.Extroverts are more active and exuberant in social situations than introverts. They frequently come out as reserved, understated, methodical, and uninvolved.To learn more about Personality Traits refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/9394711
#SPJ4
What is the use of backup components or parallel paths to raise reliability? part 2
Redundancy is the use of backup components or parallel paths to raise reliability.
Redundancy in engineering is the duplication of essential system components or functions with the goal of enhancing system reliability, typically in the form of a backup or fail-safe, or to enhance real system performance, as in the case of GNSS receivers or multi-threaded computer processing.
Some control system components may be tripled, or triple modular redundancy, in many safety-critical systems, such as fly-by-wire and hydraulic systems in aircraft (TMR).
The other two could then override a mistake in one of the components. A triply redundant system contains three subcomponents, all of which must malfunction before the system as a whole can fail.
To learn more about Computer here
https://brainly.com/question/5171559
#SPJ4
The doctrine of __________ disallows any recovery by a plaintiff whose negligence contributed, even minimally, to causing damages
The doctrine of Contributory Negligence disallows any recovery by a plaintiff whose negligence contributed, even minimally, to causing damages
Contribution negligence is a common law tort rule that prohibits plaintiffs from paying damages for the negligence of others if the plaintiff also causes negligence. Comparative negligence has been replaced by the doctrine of comparative negligence in many jurisdictions.
Under the Tort Act, plaintiffs can claim damages from a negligent defendant by proving that:
Defendant violated this obligation to the plaintiff.
Plaintiff suffered damages due to the defendant's breach.
In jurisdictions based on contributory negligence, plaintiffs without any negligence cannot seek reimbursement, even if they prove the above
Learn more about Contribution here: https://brainly.com/question/25658352
#SPJ4
Which science cannot test the resurrection of jesus, it can examine that claims of a global flood4,000 years ago and a universe creation 6,000 years ago
Creation Science is the science that cannot test the resurrection of Jesus, it can examine the claims of a global flood4,000 years ago and a universe creation 6,000 years ago.
Creation science, or scientific creationism, is a pseudoscientific form of young earth creationism that claims to provide scientific arguments for certain literal and infallible interpretations of the Bible.
Often presented without explicit faith-based language, instead reinterpreting the scientific evidence to argue that various myths of Genesis and other selected Scriptures are scientifically valid.
Among the most common creation science ideas are special creations based on the Genesis creation story and flood geology based on the Genesis flood story. Creationists also claim that creation science can be used to disprove or restate various scientific facts, theories, and paradigms in geology, cosmology, biological evolution, history, and linguistics. Creation science was the foundation of intelligent design.
Learn more about Creation Science here: https://brainly.com/question/1743087
#SPJ4
Is heat fixation used on bacterial smears that will undergo a capsule stain or flagella stain procedure? why or why not?
One should not heat-fix the bacterial smear because this can destroy the capsule and will also cause shrinkage of the bacteria, making a clear area around the cell that can mistakenly be identified as a capsule.
Heat fixing causes the cells to shrink leaving an artificial white halo around them that could be mistaken for a capsule. Capsules appear colorless with stained cells against dark background. Capsules are thus fragile and can distorted, diminished, or destroyed by heating.
The process of heat fixation ensures the elimination of contaminating organisms from the smear preparation. Heat fixation coagulates the bacterial proteins and effectively kill the bacteria.
Hence, the answer was given and explained above.
To learn more about the heat fixation here:
https://brainly.com/question/17704316
#SPJ4
the use of canines for research is restricted by ethics committees in many countries, and social acceptance is declining.
Answer:
Yes, it is becoming an unethical practice.
Explanation:
Animal research has had a vital role in many scientific and medical advances of the past century and continues to aid our understanding of various diseases. Throughout the world, people enjoy a better quality of life because of these advances, and the subsequent development of new medicines and treatments—all made possible by animal research. However, the use of animals in scientific and medical research has been a subject of heated debate for many years in the UK. Opponents to any kind of animal research—including both animal-rights extremists and anti-vivisectionist groups—believe that animal experimentation is cruel and unnecessary, regardless of its purpose or benefit. There is no middle ground for these groups; they want the immediate and total abolition of all animal research. If they succeed, it would have enormous and severe consequences for scientific research.
No responsible scientist wants to use animals or cause them unnecessary suffering if it can be avoided, and therefore scientists accept controls on the use of animals in research. More generally, the bioscience community accepts that animals should be used for research only within an ethical framework.
The UK has gone further than any other country to write such an ethical framework into law by implementing the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. It exceeds the requirements in the European Union's Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes, which is now undergoing revision (Matthiessen et al, 2003). The Act requires that proposals for research involving the use of animals must be fully assessed in terms of any harm to the animals. This involves a detailed examination of the particular procedures and experiments, and the numbers and types of animals use. These are then weighed against the potential benefits of the project. This cost-benefit analysis is almost unique to UK animal research legislation; only German law has a similar requirement.
The UK has gone further than any other country to write such an ethical framework into law by implementing the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
In addition, the UK government introduced 1998 further ‘local' controls—that is, an Ethical Review Process at research institutions—which promote good animal welfare and humane science by ensuring that the use of animals at the designated establishment is justified. The aims of this additional review process are: to provide independent ethical advice, particularly with respect to applications for project licenses, and standards of animal care and welfare; to provide support to licensees regarding animal welfare and ethical issues; and to promote ethical analysis to increase awareness of animal welfare issues and to develop initiatives for the widest possible application of the 3Rs—replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals in research (Russell & Burch, 1959). In practice, there has been concern that the Ethical Review Process adds a level of bureaucracy that is not in proportion to its contribution to improving animal welfare or furthering the 3Rs.
Animal-rights groups also disagree with the 3Rs, since these principles still allow for the use of animals in research; they are only interested in replacement
Although animals cannot yet be completely replaced, it is important that researchers maximize refinement and reduction