A proton transfer reaction can occur when an aldehyde is placed in strong base, such as an alkoxide ion, producing an alcohol and a charged conjugate base that is resonance stabilized. In the left box, draw the curved arrows for the proton transfer. In the middle and right boxes, draw the two structures for the resonance-stabilized product as noted in the box-specific directions. Be sure to include all lone pairs and nonzero formal charges.
Answers
Hi, you have not provided structure of the aldehyde and alkoxide ion.
Therefore i'll show a mechanism corresponding to the proton transfer by considering a simple example.
Explanation: For an example, let's consider that proton transfer is taking place between a simple aldehyde e.g. acetaldehyde and a simple alkoxide base e.g. methoxide.
The hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom adjacent to aldehyde group are most acidic. Hence they are removed by alkoxide preferably.
After removal of proton from aldehyde, a carbanion is generated. As it is a conjugated carbanion therefore the negative charge on carbon atom can conjugate through the carbonyl group to form an enolate which is another canonical form of the carbanion.
All the structures are shown below.
Related Questions
Indicate the direction of polarity of each of the following covalent bonds. Please just write a + or - not the bonds.
1. C ---- O
2. O ---- Cl3. O ----- F4. C ----- N5. Cl ----- C6. S ----- H7. S ----- Cl
Answers
Answer:
1. C+ ---- O-
2. O+ ---- Cl-
3. O+ ----- F-
4. C+ ----- N-
5. Cl- ----- C+
6. S- ----- H+
7. S+ ----- Cl -
Explanation:
Electronegativity determines the polarity . There may be two atoms in a bond with high electronegativity, in such cases the positive charge is given to atom with comparatively lower electronegativity. Electronegativity determines the easiness with which an atom attract electrons in a chemical bond. A polar bond is formed when the difference in the electronegativity of two combining atoms is between 0.4 and 1.7. The correct direction is
1. C+ ---- O-
2. O+ ---- Cl-
3. O+ ----- F-
4. C+ ----- N-
5. Cl- ----- C+
6. S- ----- H+
7. S+ ----- Cl -
3. What are the two types of mechanical waves?...
Answers
Answer:
longitudinal waves and transverse waves.
Explanation:
Mechanical Waves are waves which propagate through a material medium (solid, liquid, or gas) at a wave speed which depends on the elastic and inertial properties of that medium. There are two basic types of wave motion for mechanical waves: longitudinal waves and transverse waves.
The two types of mechanical waves are transverse waves and longitudinal waves.
How to explain them
Transverse waves are characterized by oscillations perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. In this type of wave, the particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the wave's motion. Examples of transverse waves include electromagnetic waves like light and radio waves, as well as waves on a string or water waves.
Longitudinal waves, on the other hand, have oscillations parallel to the direction of wave propagation. In these waves, the particles of the medium move in the same direction as the wave. Sound waves are a common example of longitudinal waves, as well as seismic waves.
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By titration, it is found that 28.5 mL of 0.183 M NaOH(aq) is needed to neutralize 25.0 mL of HCl(aq). Calculate the
concentration of the HCl solution.
Answers
Answer:
0.209M
Explanation:
M1V1=M2V2
(28.5 mL)(0.183M)=(25.0mL)(M)
M2= 0.209M
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What reagent is need to convert 2-methylpropene to (CH3)3COH
Answers
Answer:
H2O / H+
Explanation:
In alkene hydration, water, being a very weak acid, with insufficient proton concentration, does not have the capacity to initiate the electrophilic addition reaction. An acid must be added to the medium for the reaction to take place.
The mechanism proceeds with the formation of a carbocation after adding the proton to the double bond. Alkene hydration is Markovnikov, that is, the proton is added to the less substituted carbon of the alkene.
mention the raw material use in respiration and products formed during respiration.
Answers
During respiration, the inhalation of Oxygen (O) using the energy from Glucose (C6H12O6) is the first chain reaction.
Products formed during respiration are: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Water (H2O)
convert 200 grams N to moles
Answers
Answer: 14.278880821321199
Explanation:
Answer:
521.12323
Explanation:
What are two things plants have which animal cells do not
Answers
Answer:
Animal cells don't have a dividing cell wall like plant cells do
Explanation:
Plants cells use photosynthesis from the sun, which requires them to have chloroplast filled with chlorophyll to complete this function; animal cells do not have chloroplasts
Plant cells have three extra components, a vacuole, chloroplast and a cell wall.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that an adult consume less than 1.8 g
of sodium per day.
What mass of sodium chloride (in grams) can you consume and still be within the FDA guidelines? Sodium chloride is 39% sodium by mass
Answers
Answer:
less than 4.62 g
Explanation:
Sodium chloride contains 39% sodium by mass. Hence, 1 g of sodium chloride will contain:
39/100 x 1 = 0.39 g of sodium.
If 1 g of sodium chloride contains 0.39 g of sodium, then how many g of sodium chloride will contain the 1.8 g required sodium per day?
1 g sodium chloride = 0.39 g sodium
x g sodium chloride = 1.8 g sodium
x = 1.8 x 1/0.39 = 4.62 g of sodium chloride
Since the adult is supposed to consume less than 1.8 g of sodium per day, the mass of sodium that should be consume per day and still be within the FDA guidelines will be less than 4.62 g of sodium chloride.
Q6. A student mixes 50.0 mL of 1.00 M Ba(OH)2 with 86.4 mL of 0.494 M H2SO4. Calculate the
mass of solid BaSO4 formed and the pH of the mixed solution.
Answers
The mass of solid BaSO4 formed - 7.64 grams. and the pH of the mixed solution - 13.13
We can calculate the mass of the Ba(OH)2 by calculating the moles each solution contains
volume of Ba(OH)2 -n(Ba(OH)2) = 1.00M x 0.05L
= 0.05 moles
The volume of H2SO4 is :0.494M x 0.0864L
= 0.04268 moles
According to balanced reaction 1 mole Ba(OH)2 react with 1 mole H2SO4 molar ratio between Ba(OH)2 to H2SO4 is 1:1 therefore to react with 0.05 mole Ba(OH)2 required H2SO4 = 0.05 mole but H2SO4 therefore H2SO4 is limiting reactant
Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 ----> BaSO4 + 2 H2O
0.04268<--- 0.04268
The mixed solution is Ba(OH)2 with 0.05 - 0.04268= 0.0172 mole
The concentration of mixed solution is :0.0172:(0.05 + 0.0664)
= 0.1478 M
The pH of mixed solution is:Ba(OH)2 is strong base therefore dissociate completely and 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 form to mole of OH- ion therefore concentration of OH- is double than Ba(OH)2
14 - -log[0.1478]
= 14 - 0.83
= 13.13 pH
the mass of BaSO4 is0.0328 x ( 137 + 32 + 16 x 4 )
= 7.64 grams.
Thus, The mass of solid BaSO4 formed - 7.64 grams. and the pH of the mixed solution - 13.13
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The general molecular formula for alkanes is CₙH₂ₙ₊₂. What is the general molecular formula for cycloalkanes?
Answers
Answer:
CₙH₂ₙ
Explanation:
Answer:
[tex]\huge \boxed{\mathrm{C_nH_{2n}}}[/tex]
Explanation:
The general molecular formula for cycloalkanes is [tex]\mathrm{C_nH_{2n}}[/tex].
If 11.5 ml of vinegar sample (d=1g/ml) is titrated with 18.5 ml of standardized Sodium hydroxide
solution. What is the percentage of acetic acid (by mass) in the vinegar
Answers
Answer:
4.83% of acetic acid in the vinegar
Explanation:
The neutralization reaction of acetic acid (CH₃COOH) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is:
CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COO⁻Na⁺ + H₂O
Assuming the sodium hydroxide solution has a concentration of 0.500M, moles used in the neutralization reaction are:
0.0185L × (0.500mol / L) = 0.00925 moles of NaOH = 0.00925 moles CH₃COOH
Because 1 mole of acid reacts per mole of NaOH
Using molar mass of acetic acid (60g/mol):
0.00925moles CH₃COOH ₓ (60g / mol) = 0.555g of CH₃COOH
As mass of vinegar sample is 11.5g (d = 1g/mL), percentage of acetic acid by mass is:
0.555g CH₃COOH / 11.5g vinegar × 100 = 4.83% of acetic acid in the vinegar
A sample of sugar (C12H22O11) contains
1.505 × 1023 molecules of sugar. How many moles of sugar are present in the sample? Answer without doing any calculations.
0.25 mol
0.50 mol
1.00 mol
2.50 mol
Answers
Answer:
0.25 mol
Explanation:
Moles= No.of molecules / Avogadros number
Answer:
0.25
Explanation:
In what way are Paul Robeson and Sonia Sotomayor alike?
A. All the above
B They both started ethnic studies programs in their hometowns .
C. They are both people of color who were the first to do something in their fields.
D. They are both Hispanic.
Answers
Answer:
C is the answer.
Explanation:
They are both people of color who were the first to do something in their fields
A metal, M , of atomic mass 56 amu reacts with chlorine to form a salt that can be represented as MClx. A boiling point elevation experiment is performed to determine the subscript , and therefore, the formula of the salt. A 30.2 g sample of the salt is dissolved in 100.0 g of water and the boiling point of the solution is found to be 376.81 K. Find the formula of the salt. Assume complete dissociation of the salt in solution.
CAN SOMEONE PLEASE HELP ME!!! I AM VERY CONFUSED AND ITS DUE TODAY BEFORE 11:55 THANK YOU IN ADVANCED
Answers
Answer:
MCl₂
Explanation:
The formula for boiling point elevation can be used to find x. The "complete dissociation" means there will be an ion of M and x ions of Cl in the solution. The number of moles of solute will be 30.2 grams divided by the molecular weight of MClx, where x is the variable we're trying to find.
[tex]\Delta T=imK_b\qquad\text{where i=ions/mole, m=molality, $K_b\approx 0.512$}\\\\376.81-373.15=(x+1)\dfrac{\text{moles}}{\text{kg solvent}}(0.512)\\\\\dfrac{3.66}{0.512}=(x+1)\dfrac{\dfrac{30.2}{56+35.45x}}{0.1}=\dfrac{302(x+1)}{56+35.45x}\\\\\dfrac{3.66}{0.512\cdot 302}(56+35.45x)=x+1\\\\\dfrac{3.66\cdot 56}{0.512\cdot 302}-1=x\left(1-\dfrac{3.66\cdot 35.45}{0.512\cdot 302}\right)\\\\x=\dfrac{50.336}{24.877}\approx 2.023[/tex]
Then the formula for the salt is MCl₂.
Successful rifting can create new oceans and split apart continents. True or False
Answers
Answer:
True if by rifting you mean continental rift. If not idk.
Consider the following half reactions and their standard reduction potential values to answer the following questions.
Cu2+ (aq) + e- Cu+ (aq)E° = 0.15 V
Br2 (l) + 2e- 2Br- (aq) E° = 1.08 V
i) State which reaction occurs at the anode and which at the cathode. [2 marks]
ii) Write the overall cell reaction. [2 marks]
iii) Calculate the value of E°cell. [2 marks]
iv) Calculate the value ΔG° [2 marks]
v) What is the value of Kc at 25°C?
Answers
Answer:
Cu2+ (aq) + e- -------->Cu+ (aq)E° = 0.15 V anode
Br2 (l) + 2e- -------------> 2Br- (aq) E° = 1.08 V cathode
Explanation:
The half equation having a more positive reduction potential indicates the reduction half equation while the half equation having the less positive reduction potential indicates the oxidation half equation.
The overall redox reaction equation is;
2Cu^+(aq) + Br2(g) ----> 2Cu^2+(aq) + 2Br^-(aq)
E°cell= E°cathode -E°anode
E°cathode= 1.08 V
E°anode= 0.15 V
E°cell= 1.08V-0.15V
E°cell= 0.93V
From;
∆G=-nFE°cell
n= 2
F=96500C
E°cell= 0.93V
∆G= -(2×96500×0.93)
∆G= - 179.49 J
From ∆G= -RTlnK
∆G= - 179.49 J
R=8.314Jmol-K-1
T= 25° +273= 298K
K= ???
lnK= ∆G/-RT
lnK=-( - 179.49/(8.314×298))
lnK= 0.0724
K= e^0.0724
Kc= 1.075
How do rockets work? What chemicals are used and what reactions happens with those chemicals to make a rocket fly?
Answers
Answer:
Chemical rocket engines use a fuel (something to burn) and an oxidiser (something to react with the fuel). ... As the propellant reacts inside a combustion chamber, the chemical reaction produces hot gases. It is the ejection of these rapidly expanding hot gases at high speed from the rocket nozzle that
( I found this on a website called Science Learning. Full credit to them and their work. Check it out for more information)
Consider the following half-reactions and their standard reduction potential values to answer the following questions.
Cu2+ (aq) + e- Cu+ (aq) E° = 0.15 V
Br2 (l) + 2e- 2Br- (aq) E° = 1.08 V
i) State which reaction occurs at the anode and which at the cathode. [2 marks]
ii) Write the overall cell reaction. [2 marks]
iii) Calculate the value of E°cell. [2 marks]
iv) Calculate the value ΔG° [2 marks]
v) What is the value of Kc at 25°C? [2 marks]
Answers
Answer:
Br2 (l) + 2e- ---------> 2Br- (aq) E° = 1.08 V cathode
Cu2+ (aq) + e- --------->Cu+ (aq) E° = 0.15 V anode
Explanation:
We have to first state the fact that the reaction having the most positive reduction potential occurs at the cathode in any spontaneous electrochemical cell. The half reaction with the less positive electrode potential usually occurs at the anode.
The overall reaction equation is;
2Cu2+ (aq) + Br2 (l) ----->2Cu+ (aq) + 2Br- (aq)
E°cell= E°cathode - E°anode
E°cathode= 1.08 V
E°anode= 0.15V
E°cell = 1.08-0.15 = 0.93 V
But
∆G°= -nFE°cell
n= 2, F=96500C, E°cell= 0.93V
∆G° = -(2× 96500× 0.93)
∆G= -179490 J
But;
∆G = -RTlnK
R=8.314 JK-1
T= 25+273= 298K
Kc= the unknown
∆G° = -179490 J
Substituting values and making lnK the subject of the formula
lnK= ∆G/-RT
lnK= -( -179490/8.314 × 298)
lnK= 72.45
K= e^72.45
K= 2.91×10^31
5. Write word equations for the following reactions
a) Burning of Sulphur in oxygen
b) Burning of carbon in excess oxygen
c) Burning of Sulphur in presence of Iron fillings
Answers
Answer:
a) Sulphur + Oxygen → Sulphur dioxide
b) Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide
c) Sulphur + Iron → Iron sulphide
How many milliliters of 12.0 M hydrochloric acid contain 3.646 g of HCl (36.46 g/mol)?
Group of answer choices
Answers
Answer:
8.3ml of 12M HCl contains 3.646 grams HCl
Explanation:
moles HCl = Molarity X Volume => Volume (Liters) = moles HCl/Molarity
Vol(L) = (3.646g/36.46g/mole)/12M = 0.0083Liter x 1000ml/L = 8.3ml
a. Use the following data to calculate the enthalpy of hydration for calcium chloride and calcium iodide.
Lattice Energy* ΔHsoln
CaCl_2(s) -2247 kJ/mol -46 kJ/mol
CaI_2(s) -2059 kJ/mol -104 kJ/mol
*Lattice energy is defined as the energy change for the process M^+(g) + X^-(g) -------> MX(s).
b. Based on your answers to part a, which ion, Cl^- or I^-, is more strongly attracted to water?
O Chloride
O Iodide
Answers
Answer:
A. Enthalpy of hydration of CaCl2 = -2293 KJ/mol
Enthalpy of hydration of CaI2 = -2163 KJ/mol
B. Chloride ions
Explanation:
Enthalpy of hydration is the energy required to convert one mole of gaseous ions to aqueousions.
Enthalpy of hydration = Enthalpy of solution - lattice energy
For CaCl2;
Enthalpy of hydration = -46 - 2247 = -2293 KJ/mol
For CaI2;
Enthalpy of hydration = -104 - 2059 = -2163 KJ/mol
B. Since the enthalpy of hydration of CaCl2 is more negative than that of CaI2, it means that chloride ions are more easily attracted to water molecules. This we conclude because the difference in enthalpy values are due to the negative ions as the two compounds share a common positive calcium ion.
The enthalpy for hydration of calcium chloride is -2293 kJ/mol. The enthalpy for the hydration of calcium iodide is -2163 kJ/mol. The chloride ion Cl^- is more strongly attracted to water than iodide.
The enthalpy of hydration also the enthalpy of solvation is the quantity of energy released when 1 mole of gaseous ion is diluted.
It can be expressed by using the formula:
[tex]\mathbf{\Delta H_{hyd} = \Delta H_{solution} + \Delta H_{LE}}[/tex]
The enthalpy for hydration of calcium chloride can be expressed as:
[tex]\mathbf{\Delta H_{hyd(cacl_2)} = \Delta H_{solution(caci_2)} + \Delta H_{LE(caci_2)}}[/tex]
[tex]\mathbf{\Delta H_{hyd(cacl_2)} = -46 \ kJ/mol +-2247 \ kJ/mol}[/tex]
[tex]\mathbf{\Delta H_{hyd(cacl_2)} =-2293 \ kJ/mol}[/tex]
The enthalpy for the hydration of calcium iodide can be expressed as:
[tex]\mathbf{\Delta H_{hyd(cal_2)} = \Delta H_{solution(caI_2)} + \Delta H_{LE(caI_2)}}[/tex]
[tex]\mathbf{\Delta H_{hyd(cacl_2)} = -104 \ kJ/mol +-2059 \ kJ/mol}[/tex]
[tex]\mathbf{\Delta H_{hyd(cacl_2)} =-2163 \ kJ/mol}[/tex]
From the above calculation, we can see that the enthalpy of hydration of calcium chloride is greater than that of calcium iodide,
Therefore, we can conclude that the chloride ion Cl^- is more strongly attracted to water than iodide.
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What is the total pressure in a 2.00 L container that holds 1.00g He, 14.0g CO, and 10.0g of NO at 27 degree?
Answers
Answer:
13.3 atm(assuming the temperature given is in Celsius)
Explanation:
First, the moles of each gas must be found. .25 mol He, .50 mol CO, .33 mol NO. Next, each set of mols must be plugged into the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, for each gas. Move it around so you get the pressure P=nRT/V. When you calculate everything, you should get 3.08atm He, 6.15atm CO, and 4.06atm NO. Add these together and you get the pressure of the container.
Briefly describe how a potentiometric pHmeter works. (Hint: Describe how the pH meter
measures the amount of H+ or OH- ions in a sample)
Answers
Answer:
A general instrument, which is used to determine the concentration of hydrogen ion within the aqueous solution is known as a pH meter. The meter helps in determining the alkalinity or acidity, which is articulated in the form of pH. It is also called a potentiometric pH meter as it helps in finding the variation in electrical potential between a reference electrode and a pH electrode. This electrical potential variation is associated with the pH of the solution.
The potentiometric pH meter comprises a pair of electrodes and a basic electronic amplifier, some may even comprise a combination electrode and some sort of display that demonstrates pH units. The potentiometric pH meter generally exhibits a reference electrode or a combination electrode, and a glass electrode. The probes or electrodes are administered within a solution whose pH values are needed to be determined.
As ice at 0°C changes to water at 0°C, the average kinetic energy of the ice molecules *
remains the same
increases
decreases
Answers
Answer:
increases
Explanation:because it cant decrease
Answer:
remains the same
Explanation:
I need help with this i'm really dumb.
Balance
p4+o2 ----> p4o10
Answers
Answer:
P4 + 5O2 → P4O10
Explanation:
White Phosphorus - P4
Dioxygen - O2
Tetraphosphorus Decaoxide - P4O10
By means of a schematic diagram show how a bacteria cell applied to the region of a cowpea root can end up becoming a nitrate ion which can be absorbed by a subsequent crop
Answers
Answer:
Nitrifying Bacteria are a group of aerobic bacteria important in the nitrogen cycle as converters of soil ammonia to nitrates, compounds usable by plants. An example is nitrosomonas or nitrobacter and species in that family.
The schematic diagram is attached below, which summarises the oxidation of ammonia or free nitrogen in the soil to nitrates for the cowpea plant's utilisation.
amning At Home -Chemisu
Use the specific heat values to answer the
following questions.
Cp (J/g•°C)
4.18
Which of the following has the smallest heat
capacity?
2.03
2.08
0.450
RETRY
Substance
H2O(1)
H2O(s)
H2O(g)
Fe(s)
Al(s)
Cu(s)
Sn(s)
Pb(s)
Au(s)
Hg(1)
0.897
0.385
0.227
0.129
0.129
0.140
Intro
Answers
Answer:first one: 3.0g second one: 10g H2O(I)
Explanation:
Answer:
First blank: 3.0 g Pb
Second Blank: 10g [tex]H_{2} O[/tex](l)
Explanation:
Edge '21
A scientist places a strip of hot metal on top of a block of another metal with a lower
melting point. The second metal quickly melts. What is the main type of heat transfer
responsible?
Answers
The heat transfer that we'll have will be:
- At first, the metal bar will emanate heat through radiation, to the atmosphere, and to the second metal, through conduction.
- Because of this, the second bar will start to increase it's temperature, up to the fusion point, spending the energy received on the fusion, and also radiating heat to the atmosphere. It won't emit heat in any other form, since heat transmission can happen only from a hot body to a cooler one, and the only things in contact are the two bars.
Answer:
conduction
Explanation:
they are in direct contact
At a certain temperature Kc = 9.0 for the equilibrium 24() ⇔ 22(). What is
Kc at the same temperature for 2() ⇔ 1/224().
Answers
Answer:
.
Explanation:
.
What is shown by the reaction below? 2{CH2O} CO2(g) + CH4(g) how is this process related to aerobic respiration
Answers
Explanation:
[tex]CH_2O[/tex] is an energy rich molecule, which when reacts with oxygen produces carbon dioxide and energy. In aerobic reaction oxygen is consumed. IN this biochemical reaction oxygen is consumed and CO2 + CH4 is produced. Thus the reaction is aerobic one.