a process in which a number is changed, such as by adding, subtracting, dividing or multiplying is definition of _____

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:operation

Step-by-step explanation:


Related Questions

Estimate the following difference by replacing each fraction with 0, 12
, or 1.

7/8−6/11

Answers

If we substitute so every tiny proportion with 0, 1, or 12, the approximate distinction among 7/8 and 6/11 is then equal to 0.

What is a difference example?

the end result of subtracting two numbers. the difference between two numbers. Example: Subtract five to get the difference between eight and three.

We can substitute each percentage with either a 0, 1, or 12 to calculate the difference between 7/8 and 6/11.

We can round up to one because we know that 7/8 is larger than 1/2 but much less over 1.

For 6/11, we can round up to 1 since we know it is larger than 1/2 but a little less than 1.

As a result, we can calculate the difference as follows:

7/8 - 6/11

= 1 - 1

= 0

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2x _ 2 +9x _−5 . factor trinomials (a>1) level 2

Answers

The factored form of the given trinomial as required in the task content is; (2x - 1) (x + 5).

What is the factored form of the given trinomial?

It follows from the task content that the factored form of the trinomial 2x² + 9x - 5 is to be determined.

Therefore, the factorisation is as follows;

2x² + 10x - x - 5

2x (x + 5) -1 (x + 5)

(2x - 1) (x + 5)

Ultimately, the factored form of the trinomial is; (2x - 1) (x + 5).

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An art teacher enlarged the area of a copy of a painting by 49%. Let d represent the
area of the original painting. The expression d+ 0.49d is one way to represent the area of the new painting. Write two additional expressions that will give the area of the new
painting.

Answers

The required two other expression are d + 49d/100 and 149d/100.

What is percentage?

In essence, percentages are fractions with a 100 as the denominator. We place the percent symbol (%) next to the number to indicate that the number is a percentage. For instance, you would have received a 75% grade if you answered 75 out of 100 questions correctly on a test (75/100).

According to question:

We have;

An art teacher enlarged the area of a copy of a painting by 49%. and d represent the area of the original painting.

Given expression is d+ 0.49d

New expressions are

1) d+ 0.49d

= d + 49d/100

2) d+ 0.49d

= d + 49d/100

= 149d/100

Thus, required two other expression are d + 49d/100 and 149d/100.

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C is the circumcenter of isosceles triangle ABD with vertex angle ∠ABD. Does the following proof correctly justify that triangles ABE and DBE are congruent?
It is given that triangle ABD is an isosceles triangle, so segments AB and DB are congruent by the definition of isosceles triangle.
It is given that C is the circumcenter of triangle ABD, making segment BE a median.
By the definition of perpendicular, angles AEB and DEB are 90°, so triangles ABE and DEB are right triangles.
Triangles ABE and DEB share side BE making it congruent to itself by the reflexive property.
Triangles ABE and DBE are congruent by HL.


Triangle ABD with segments BC, DC, and AC drawn from each vertex and meeting at point C inside triangle ABD, segment BC is extended past C with dashed lines so that it intersects with side AD at point E.
There is an error in line 1; segments AB and BD are given to be congruent.
There is an error in line 2; segment BE should be a perpendicular bisector.
There is an error in line 4; segment BE is not a shared side.
The proof is correct.

Answers

The proof is not correct.

How did we arrive at this assertion?

The given information that segments AB and BD are congruent does not imply that triangles ABE and DBE are congruent. Congruency of triangles requires more information, such as additional side lengths or angle measures.

While it is true that point C is the circumcenter of triangle ABD and that segment BE is a median, it is not necessarily true that BE is also a perpendicular bisector. In fact, this would only be true if triangle ABD were also an equilateral triangle.

The statement that triangles ABE and DEB share side BE is incorrect. Triangles ABE and DEB do not share any sides, but rather have segment BE as a common hypotenuse.

Therefore, the conclusion that triangles ABE and DBE are congruent by HL (hypotenuse-leg) is not valid since the previous steps in the proof are flawed.

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Consider the equation
2x + 3y - 6 - 3z + 4y - 6x = 4x + 2y = 4z + 10
a. How many terms are there in this equation?
b.
What are the variables in this equation?
c.
What are the constants in this equation? (hint: constants are the numbers that
are "unattached" to variables)
d. Combine the like terms on the left side of the equation. What are the coefficients
of the variables? (hint: the coefficients are the numbers that multiply the
variable-for example, in 6x, 6 is the coefficient)

Answers

There are 10 terms in the equation

The variables are x, y, z

The constants in this equation are -6, 10

The coefficients of the variables of the equation are; 8, 7 and -3

How many terms are there in this equation?

2x + 3y - 6 - 3z + 4y - 6x = 4x + 2y - 4z + 10

The left side of the equation is;

2x + 3y - 6 - 3z + 4y - 6x

= 2x - 6x + 3y + 4y - 3z - 6

= 8x + 7y - 3z - 6

Therefore, the coefficients of the variables on the left side of the equation are; 8, 7 and -3

Variables are unknown numbers usually represented by letters or symbols.

The constant are numbers that cannot change its value

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What could you multiply the second (purple) equation by to make the y-values additive inverses?

Answers

-2 is to be multiplied in the second equation to make the y-values additive inverses.

What are additive inverses?

Additive inverse simply means changing the sign of the number and adding it to the original number to get an answer equal to 0.

Given are two equations,

3x-4y = -5.....(i)

5x-2y = -6.....(ii)

We need to find the additive inverse of y variable,

The coefficients of y variables in the both equations are ;-

-4 and -2

The additive inverse of -4 is 4,

If we multiply -2 by -2 it becomes 4,

Hence, -2 is to be multiplied in the second equation to make the y-values additive inverses.

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pls help i don’t understand how to graph

Answers

Answer:

Slope: [tex]\bf \boxed{-\dfrac{1}{3}}[/tex]

y-intercept: [tex]\boxed{-1}[/tex]

Equation: [tex]\boxed{\bf{y=-\dfrac{1}{3}x - 1}}[/tex]

The two boxes at the bottom are asking you to repeat the above information:

the slope is [tex]\bf \boxed{-\dfrac{1}{3}}[/tex]   the y-intercept is [tex]\boxed{-1}[/tex]

Step-by-step explanation:

Actually, you don't have to graph the equation since the graph is already provided

You have to answer the questions based on the provided graph

To find slope

1. Take any two well=defined points on the graph:

We can see that point (0, -1) which has x value at 0 and y-value 1 unit down is a distinguishable point. Let's call this point P1Another point is (3, -2). Let's call this point P2

2. Find the difference in y-values between P2 - P1. This called rise

rise = P2 v-value - P1 y-value = -2 - (-1) = -2 + 1 =  - 1


3. Find the corresponding difference in x-values: P2 - P. This is called run

run = P2 x-value - P1 x-value = 3 - 0 = 3


4. The slope is computed as rise/run = - 1/3

To find y-intercept

Just note where the line crosses the y-axis and the y-value corresponding to that would be the y-intercept

This is also the y-value at which x = 0

Looking at the graph we see that the line crosses(intercepts) the y-axis at y = - 1
So y-intercept = - 1

To write the equation

The equation of the line is
y = mx + b

where

m = slope

b = y-intercept

So the equation of this particular line is

[tex]\bf{-\dfrac{1}{3}x - 1}[/tex]



[tex]456.232 ÷ 4[/tex]pls help me

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

$\frac{456.232}{4}$

The square footage and monthly rental of 10 rental of 10 similar one-bedroom apartments yield the linear regression y=0.775x+950.25, where x represents the square footage of the apartment and y represents the monthly rental price. Grace can afford $1,500 per month rent. Using the equation, what size apartment should she expect to be able to rent for that price? Explain work in a sentence. :)

Answers

Answer:

Grace can expect to rent an apartment with a size of approximately 710.32 square feet for $1,500 per month based on the given linear regression equation.

Step-by-step explanation:

The given linear regression equation is y=0.775x+950.25, where x represents the square footage of the apartment and y represents the monthly rental price. To find the size of the apartment Grace can expect to rent for $1,500 per month, we can substitute y with 1,500 in the equation and solve for x:

1,500 = 0.775x + 950.25

0.775x = 1,500 - 950.25

0.775x = 549.75

x = 710.32

Therefore, Grace can expect to rent an apartment with a size of approximately 710.32 square feet for $1,500 per month based on the given linear regression equation.

What is a monomial example?

Answers

A monomial is an algebraic expression that consists of a single term. A monomial can contain constants and/or variables, which are multiplied together.

The expression 3x²y is a monomial. It contains the constant 3, the variable x squared, and the variable y. The variables can be raised to an exponent, as in this example; however, the exponent must be a whole number.A monomial can also contain coefficients, which are the numbers that are multiplied with a variable. In the example above, the coefficient is 3. If there is no coefficient stated, then the coefficient is assumed to be 1. Therefore, the expression x²y is also a monomial, with the coefficient being 1.Additionally, a monomial can contain a product of numbers and variables, such as the expression 2xyz. This is also considered a single term, since all of the numbers and variables are multiplied together.

Monomials can be used to calculate polynomials, which are algebraic expressions consisting of multiple terms. By adding, subtracting, and multiplying monomials together, you can create a polynomial. For example, the expression (3x²y) + (2xyz) is a polynomial, since it consists of two terms. The first term is the monomial 3x²y, and the second term is the monomial 2xyz.

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Drag and drop numbers into the boxes to complete the expanded form of 916.408

Answers

The expanded form of 916.408 can be written as:

(9 x 100) + (1 x 10) + (6 x 1) + (4 x 0.1) + (8 x 0.01)

What is expanded form?

Expanded form is a way of writing a number that shows the place value of each digit in the number. In expanded form, a number is expressed as the sum of individual terms, each representing a digit in the number multiplied by its place value.

For example, the number 356 can be written in expanded form as:

3 x 100 + 5 x 10 + 6 x 1

Expanded form can be used to better understand the structure of numbers and how place value works.

So, the numbers should be placed as follows:

(9 x 1,000) + (1 x 100) + (6 x 10) + (4 x 1) + (8 x 0.1)

Therefore, the correct order is:

1000, 100, 10, 1, 0.1

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(x + 3)^2 Write your answer as a list of values separated by commas.

Answers

The values are written in commas as x², 6x  and 9

How to determine the values

It is important to note that algebraic expressions are expressions that are made of terms, variables, coefficients, factors and constants.

From the information given, we have the quadratic expression as:

(x + 3)^2

Now, take the following steps to determine the values

(x + 3)(x +3)

expand the bracket, we get;

x² + 3x + 3x + 9

Now, collect the like terms and add the values

x² + 6x + 9

Hence, the value is x² + 6x + 9

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Estelle has $300 in a savings account. The interest rate is 5% per year and is not compounded. How much interest will she earn in 1 year?

Answers

$15 is the interest on the amount saved in a year

Calculating the simple interest on a sum of money

The formula for calculating simple interest is expressed according to the equation below:

I = PRT

where:

P is the principal = $300

R is the rate = 5% = 0.05

T is the time = 1 year

Substitute to have:

I = 300 * 0.05 * 1

I = $15

Hence the interest that she will earn in a year is $15

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In AVWX, the measure of ZX=90°, XW = 3, WV = 5, and VX = 4. What is the value of
the tangent of ZW to the nearest hundredth?

Answers

We can use the Law of Cosines to find the value of ZW. The Law of Cosines states that:

c^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab * cos(C)

where c is the length of the side opposite the angle C, and a and b are the lengths of the other two sides. In this case, we can use ZW as c, WV as a, and XW as b:

ZW^2 = WV^2 + XW^2 - 2 * WV * XW * cos(ZX)

Substituting in the values we know:

ZW^2 = 5^2 + 3^2 - 2 * 5 * 3 * cos(90)

cos(90) = 0, so the equation becomes:

ZW^2 = 5^2 + 3^2

ZW^2 = 25 + 9

ZW^2 = 34

ZW = sqrt(34)

ZW = approximately 5.83

Now that we have the length of ZW, we can find the tangent of ZW by dividing the length of the side opposite ZW (WV) by the length of the side adjacent to ZW (XW):

tan(ZW) = WV / XW

tan(ZW) = 5 / 3

tan(ZW) = 1.67

Rounding to the nearest hundredth, the tangent of ZW is approximately 1.67.

y=x-6 and y=-x-2 graph the system then right a solution if there is one

Answers

Answer: To graph the system of linear equations, you can plot the two lines on the same coordinate plane and look for the point where they intersect. If they intersect, that point represents the solution to the system.

The equation y = x - 6 can be written in slope-intercept form, y = mx + b, where m = 1 and b = -6. The equation of the line will be y = x - 6.

The equation y = -x - 2 can be written in slope-intercept form, y = mx + b, where m = -1 and b = -2. The equation of the line will be y = -x - 2.

Plotting these two lines on the same coordinate plane, we can see that they intersect at the point (2, -4). This means that there is one solution to the system of equations: (2, -4).

Step-by-step explanation:

Write the sentence as an equation.
the quotient of j and 11 is equal to 367
Type a slash (/) if you want to use a division sign.
Submit

Answers

Answer: j/11 = 367

Step-by-step explanation:

Keywords: QUOTIENT. Quotient indicates a division answer. The quotient, in this case, is 367.

It also makes sense that j is the dividend and 11 is the divisor.

---
For the SOLVED version: j = 4037.
Multiply 11 on both sides, canceling the 11 on one side and getting 4037 when you multiply 11 by 367.

Answer:

J/11 = 367; this is the equation as When J is divided by 11 it answers to 367

Step-by-step explanation:

total answer;

J = 367(11)

J= 4037


If aΔb=a² + ab + b², then what is the value of -3Δ5?
A. 4
B. -14
C. -7
D. 1
E. 19

Answers

Answer:

E) 19

Step-by-step explanation:

To find the value of -3Δ5, we need to substitute -3 and 5 into the equation: aΔb = a² + ab + b².

So, we have:

-3Δ5 = (-3)² + (-3)(5) + (5)²

= 9 - 15 + 25

= 19

Therefore, the answer is E) 19.

The names of the months of the year are cut from a calendar and put into a bag. A month with more than 5 letters in its name is drawn. What is the probability of the complement of the event? Express your answer as a fraction in simplest form.

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

There are 12 months in a year, and 7 of them have more than 5 letters in their names (July, August, September, October, November, December, and January).

The complement of the event is drawing a month with 5 or fewer letters in its name. There are 5 months with 5 letters in their names (May, March, April, June, and August), and 2 months with 4 letters in their names (July and June). Therefore, there are 7 months with 5 or fewer letters in their names.

The probability of drawing a month with 5 or fewer letters in its name is 7/12. The probability of the complement of the event (drawing a month with more than 5 letters in its name) is 1 - 7/12 = 5/12.

Therefore, the probability of the complement of the event is 5/12.

If yall ain't gotta show work just put 5/12 that's the answer the person with the long paragraph

what's the domain and range of the function f(x) = 5(4)^x + 2​

Answers

The required domain and range of the function are (-∞, ∞) and  (2, ∞).

How to find the domain and range of the function?

The domain of a function is the set of all possible values of the input variable (x) for which the function is defined. In this case, the function is an exponential function with base 4, which means it is defined for all real numbers.

Therefore, the domain of f(x) is all real numbers, or (-∞, ∞).

The range of a function is the set of all possible values of the output variable (f(x)) for all possible values of the input variable (x).

Since 4^x is always positive (for all x), the value of the function f(x) will always be greater than 2 (the constant added to 5(4)^x), no matter what the value of x is.

As x approaches negative infinity, 5(4)^x approaches zero, so the minimum value of f(x) is 2.

As x approaches positive infinity, 5(4)^x increases without bound, so the range of f(x) is (2, ∞).

Thus, required domain and range of the function are (-∞, ∞) and  (2, ∞).

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Reeta has spent 2/7 of her salary on car repair work. She has 15,000 rupees left with her. what is her salary?

Answers

Answer 15489 Rupees

Step-by-step explanation:

Total parts= 7+2=9 parts

total salary= 9x
taken salary for car repair= 2x/7
remaining salary= 15000 rupees

9x-2x/7= 15000
(63x-2x)/7=15000
61x/7=15000

61x=105000
x= 105000/61
x= 1721(approx)

Total salary= 9x
                   = 9*1721
                   =15489 rupees


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A cylinder is full at 471 cubic centimeters and has a radius of 5 centimeters. What is the height of the cylinder?

Use 3.14 for pi.

Dont forget to track your thinking on paper. You will need this answer for the next problem.

Question 7 options:

A 94.2 cm
B 18.84 cm
C 30 cm
D 6 cm

Answers

The height of the cylinder having a volume of 471 cubic centimetres will be 6 cm. The correct option is D.


What is the volume?

The volume of the cylinder is defined as the three-dimensional space occupied by the cylinder.

We can use the formula for the volume of a cylinder, which is given:

V = πr²h

Where V is the volume, r is the radius, and h is the height of the cylinder.

We are given that the cylinder is full at 471 cubic centimetres and that the radius is 5 centimetres. Therefore, we can plug in these values into the formula and solve for h:

471 = π(5²)h

471 = 25πh

h = 471 / (25π)

h ≈ 6 centimeters

Therefore, the height of the cylinder is approximately 6 centimetres.

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What is 5.3 as a fraction?

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:53/10


1. 3x3 2x2 y 4x2 y is equivalent to:
a. 9x7 y 2 b. 9x12 y 2 c. 24x7 y 2 d. 24x12 y e. 24x12 y

Answers

Option C is correct, the expression 24x⁷y² is equivalent to 3x³. 2x²y. 4x²y.

What is Expression?

An expression is combination of variables, numbers and operators.

The given expression is 3x³. 2x²y. 4x²y.

We need to find the equivalent expression of the given expression.

Equivalent expressions are expressions that work the same even though they look different.

(3×2×4)x³. x²y. x²y.

24x³. x²y. x²y.

When bases are same then the powers will be added.

24x⁷y²

Hence, option C is correct, the expression 24x⁷y² is equivalent to 3x³. 2x²y. 4x²y.

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The grade you earn in math varies inversely with the number of minutes per night you watch TV. If you watch 90 minutes of TV per night, you get a 60% in math. How much TV can you watch to get a 70% in math?

Answers

The number of minutes that you watch TV to get a 70% in math will be 77.14 minutes.

What are ratio and proportion?

A ratio is a group of sequentially ordered numbers a and b expressed as a/b, where b is never equal to zero. When two objects are equal, a statement is said to be proportional.

The grade you earn in math varies inversely with the number of minutes per night you watch TV.

We know that in inverse proportionality, the product of grade and number of minutes remains constant.

Let 'N' be the number of minutes. Then the equation is given as,

70N = 90 × 60

70N = 5,400

N = 77.14 minutes

The number of minutes that you watch TV to get a 70% in math will be 77.14 minutes.

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Sean painted 1/3 of a fence. Sandra painted 1/4 of the fence. How much
of the fence remains to be painted?


Answers

Answer:7/12

Step-by-step explanation:

1/3 = 4/12

1/4=3/12

3/12+4/12 = 7/12

7/12 is the answer

the value of y varies directly with x. if y = 20 and x = 30, what is the value of y if x = 1?
A. 200
B. 2/3
C. 110/3
D. 9/2

Answers

Answer:

B. 2/3

Step-by-step explanation:

If y directly varies with x, then y = kx where k is a constant

Given that when y = 20 when x = 30 we get the equation: 20 = k x 30

or

20 = 30k

Dividing by 30 both sides and switching sides gives

k = 20/30 = 2/3

The equation becomes
y = 2/3 x

Therefore if x = 1 we get

y = 2/3 x 1 = 2/3

Choice B

What is 0.25 as an improper fraction?

Answers

Answer:

1/4

Step-by-step explanation:

0.25 * 4 = 1

so, 1/4 = 0.25

Which expression can be used to find the value of the expression shown below?

1,284 ÷ 4

A (1,200 ÷ 4) × (84 ÷ 4)
B (1,200 ÷ 4) ÷ (84 ÷ 4)
C (1,200 ÷ 4) + (84 ÷ 4)
D (1,200 ÷ 4) - (84 ÷ 4)

Answers

C: 1,284➗4 = 321
1,200➗4 =300+84➗4 =321

Need help ASAP please!!!!!

Answers

Answer:

122

Step-by-step explanation:

the question is asking for the area of the whole shape

however, it's split into a trapezoid and rectangle, so all you have to do is find the area of the respective shapes and then add them

the formula for area of a rectangle is [tex]A = L(W)[/tex]

if you substitue, A = 15(6)

so the area of the rectangle is 90

then, you have the trapezoid

area of a trapezoid = [tex]\frac{1}{2} (h)(b_{1} +b_{2})[/tex]

you might assume that you don't have the second base, but it's in the rectangle - 6

A = 1/2(4)(6+10)

A=32

90+32 = 122

3x + 6 = 8x - 11, what is the value of 10x + 2

Answers

Answer:

36

Step-by-step explanation:

3x+6= 8x-11

3x-8x= -11-6

-5x= -17x

x= 3  2/5

10x+2= 10(3  2/5)+2

         = 34+2

         = 36

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Write a quadratic equation with a vertical shrink of 1/3, shifts left 2 and down 5. How long does an initial fraud alert stay on a consumer report add the quotient of 0.4 and 0.7 to the quotient of 1.4 and 0.4 Streamline Luggage Company markets it roll-aboard suitcases to international executives and business people that travel regularly. This is an example of segmenting based on _____. Firm Market Share (%)A 32B25C21D15E 4F3Refer to the data. Suppose that firms in this industry split up such that there were 25 firms, each with a 4 percent market share. The four-firm concentration ratio and the Herfindahl index respectively would beMultiple Choicea. 16 percent and 400.b. 100 percent and 10,000.c. 16 percent and 16.d. 400 percent and 64. + Language and communication both Liberate and Constrain- What figure of speech is contained in this expression? What is the golden ratio of Fibonacci? which material, when dry, tends to form the greatest angle of repose?A. Dry sandB. rough, angular stones C. smooth, well-rounded stones D. saturated sand 1 kg block and a 2 kg block are placed next to each other on a frictionless horizontal table. A horizontal force of 6 N is applied orthogonally to the side 1 kg block. Find the magnitude of the force acting on the 2 kg block?Group of answer choices4 N1 N3 N2 N while appearing on saturday night live, which singer tore up a photo of the pope? the velocity of a vehicle is given in fig. \( 1.8 \). a. determine the equation of \( v(t) \) for i. \( 0 \leq t \leq 3 \) s ii. \( 3 What is the difference between exocrine vs endocrine glands? Which choice shows 25.367 written in expanded form?(2 1) + (5 1) + (3 0.1) + (6 0.001) + (7 0.001)(2 10) + (5 1) + (3 0.1) + (6 0.001) + (7 0.001)(2 10) + (5 1) + (3 0.1) + (6 0.01) + (7 0.001)(2 10) + (5 1) + (6 0.01) + (3 0.001) + (7 0.001) What is the name of the white key directly to the left of the set of three black keys? uiz 1 Active 2 3 5 O He extended the deadline for them to leave. O He ordered the Army to remove them by force. O He ordered negotiation of a new treaty. O He canceled the plans for relocation. Mark this and return In 1838, there were Cherokee who defended and refused to leave their land. What was President Van Buren's response to this? 10 O Search LD Save and Exit TIME REMAINING 46:56 Next Submit If Earth were 9.5 times farther away from the Sun than it is now, how many times weaker would the gravitational force between the Sun and Earth be? Read the passage from a space-history website.On October 4, 1957, the USSR launched a rocket carrying a satellite into space. The satellite was called SputnikRussian for "satellite." Sputnik orbited Earth every ninety minutes for three weeks and became the first satellite to travel out of Earth's atmosphere.Which pair of sentences correctly paraphrases the information in the passage?1. The first satellite, Sputnik, went into space on a rocket on October 4, 1957. "Sputnik" is Russian for "satellite" and it orbited for three weeks.2. Sputnik became the first satellite to travel out of Earth's atmosphere and into orbit. It was a rocket launched on October 4, 1957, for three weeks.3. On October 4, 1957, the USSR launched a rocket carrying a Sputnik into space. Sputnik orbited Earth every hour and a half for three weeks and became the first satellite to travel out of Earth's atmosphere.4. The USSR launched Sputnik, the first satellite to leave Earth's atmosphere, on October 4, 1957. It orbited Earth for three weeks. Drag each layer of the TCP/IP model on the left to the networking componenet associated with it on the right. Each layer of the TCP/IP model may be used once, more than once or not at all.Host IP addresses:Sequencing Information:MAC Addresses:Acknowledgments:Network addresses:- Internet Layer- Internet Layer- Transport Layer- Transport Layer- Link Layer By staying calm, you increase your resistance against any kind of storms. Do you think this quote is applicable in light of the chapter IF I WERE YOU? What will happen to the molecules over time?