A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and, thus ________ the probability of a desired response.

Maddie's diagnosis of major depressive disorder in 2017 suggests that approximately 1 in 5 Americans similarly experienced a mental disorder that year. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately 20% of adults in the United States experience a mental illness each year.

A prolonged sense of sadness and loss of interest are symptoms of depression, a mood illness. Clinical depression, also known as major depressive disorder, affects how you feel, think, and behave and can cause several emotional and physical issues.

You could have a mild, moderate, or severe depression diagnosis. If you experience these symptoms daily, a mental health expert may determine that you are depressed. last for a minimum of two weeks.

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Local governments often utilize a specific type of bond called a "municipal bond" when funding infrastructure projects such as building a new bridge. Municipal bonds are debt securities issued by state, county, or local governments to finance public works projects like bridges, schools, highways, and other public facilities.

These bonds attract investors as they typically offer tax-exempt interest payments, providing a reliable source of income.

There are two main types of municipal bonds: general obligation (GO) bonds and revenue bonds. GO bonds are backed by the full faith and credit of the issuing government and are repaid through general tax revenue. In contrast, revenue bonds are supported by the income generated from a specific project, such as tolls collected from the bridge.

In the case of building a new bridge, a local government would likely issue revenue bonds. This choice allows the government to avoid burdening general taxpayers with the cost of the project. Instead, the bondholders are repaid through the revenue generated from the bridge, such as tolls or fees. This approach can be more equitable, as those who use the bridge most frequently contribute more towards its construction and maintenance costs.

Overall, municipal revenue bonds offer an effective financing method for local governments to undertake significant infrastructure projects like bridge construction, balancing the need for public investment with the fair distribution of costs among the community.

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One critique of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is that they function as a parallel state, financed by foreigners and accountable to no one.

This criticism is rooted in the belief that NGOs operate outside of traditional government structures, often with significant financial support from international donors. While NGOs may work alongside governments to address social and environmental issues, they are not bound by the same legal and regulatory frameworks as governments, and are therefore not accountable to the same authorities.

However, proponents of NGOs argue that they play a critical role in addressing social and environmental challenges, particularly in situations where governments may be unwilling or unable to act. They also point to the significant contributions that NGOs make to local communities, including the provision of essential services and advocacy on behalf of marginalized groups.

Overall, the debate over the role of NGOs in governance and development highlights the complex challenges involved in addressing social and environmental issues, and the need for careful consideration of the role of various actors in achieving sustainable and equitable outcomes.

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The structure of Maori meeting houses, such as Te Papaiouru Marae in Ohinemutu Village, New Zealand, symbolically represents many aspects of Maori culture and beliefs.

These meeting houses are considered sacred spaces, where important ceremonies and rituals take place.

The design of the meeting house usually includes a large central space, known as the wharenui or the "big house." This space is often adorned with intricate carvings and woven panels that represent important figures and stories from Maori mythology.

The carvings also depict important ancestors and are meant to honor them and their contributions to the Maori people.

The front of the meeting house usually features a porch, known as the marae, which is a space for welcoming guests and conducting speeches. The roof of the meeting house is also an important aspect of its structure, as it represents the shelter and protection offered by the community to its members.

The structure of the meeting house is also meant to symbolize the interconnectedness of all things in Maori culture. The central support pillar, known as the pou tokomanawa, represents the spiritual and physical center of the meeting house and serves as a reminder that all members of the community are connected and interdependent.

Overall, the structure of Maori meeting houses such as Te Papaiouru Marae represents the rich cultural heritage and beliefs of the Maori people, and serves as a powerful symbol of community, connection, and spiritual significance.

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Government representation is based on geography, whereas interest group representation is based on values.

In ethics and social sciences, price denotes the diploma of significance of a few issue or action, with the intention of figuring out which moves are fine to do or what manner is fine to live, or to explain the importance of various moves. Values are man or woman ideals that inspire human beings to behave one manner or another. They function a manual for human behavior. Generally, human beings are predisposed to undertake the values that they may be raised with. People additionally have a tendency to consider that the ones values are “right” due to the fact they may be the values in their unique culture.

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Pitch tracking app to monitor her progress and identify areas for improvement. Using this app will enable Carol to collect data on her pitching performance, including her pitch velocity and accuracy.

By analyzing this data, she can identify her strengths and weaknesses and develop a plan to improve her pitching skills. With this technology, Carol can track her progress and set specific goals to achieve her desired pitching record identify areas for the season. pitch tracking and analysis software to track her performance and identify areas for improvement. This software can provide data on the speed and trajectory of her pitches, as well as her accuracy in hitting specific targets. By analyzing this data, Carol can make adjustments to her technique and training regimen to improve her performance and achieve her goal of winning more games. Additionally, she can use video analysis software to review footage of her pitching and identify areas for improvement in her form and mechanics.

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The gender binary is a concept that describes a system of gender classification where there are two distinct, mutually exclusive categories: male and female.

This binary understanding of gender is deeply entrenched in many societies and is often viewed as a natural and inherent characteristic of human biology. However, this is not the case. Gender is a social construct that is created and perpetuated by cultural norms, values, and expectations.

The gender binary is problematic for several reasons. Firstly, it fails to recognize the existence of non-binary individuals who identify outside of the traditional male/female categories. Secondly, it perpetuates harmful stereotypes and expectations about what it means to be male or female.

For example, it often assumes that men are strong and emotionally stoic while women are emotional and nurturing. This can lead to harmful practices such as gender-based violence and discrimination.

Furthermore, the gender binary can have negative impacts on individuals who do not conform to traditional gender roles. Transgender individuals, for example, often face significant discrimination and harassment as they challenge the gender binary.

They may be denied access to healthcare, employment opportunities, and other resources because of their gender identity.

In conclusion, while the gender binary may seem like a natural and inherent aspect of human biology, it is actually a socially constructed concept that perpetuates harmful stereotypes and discrimination.

It is important that we recognize the existence of non-binary individuals and work to create more inclusive and accepting societies that celebrate diversity in all its forms.

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Amy is least likely to be participating in a sport that emphasizes weight, body shape, or size as a major factor for success.

This could be a sport such as gymnastics, figure skating, or ballet, where thinness is often prioritized. Amy's pressure to lose weight and her development of anorexia indicate that she is struggling with body image and self-esteem issues. It would be beneficial for her to participate in a sport that values her skills, strength, and abilities rather than her appearance. Sports that prioritize athleticism over appearance, such as soccer, basketball, or track and field, would be better suited for Amy's well-being. It's important for athletes to focus on their overall health and not sacrifice their physical and mental well-being for the sake of performance.

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Historically, the court system was the first representative of the juvenile justice network to encounter delinquent, dependent, and abused or neglected children.

In the early 19th century, the court system was responsible for dealing with children who were accused of criminal behavior. However, as society began to recognize the unique needs and vulnerabilities of children, separate systems were established to handle cases involving juvenile delinquency, dependency, and abuse or neglect. Today, the juvenile justice network includes a range of professionals, including judges, attorneys, social workers, probation officers, and mental health providers, who work together to provide support and guidance to young people in crisis.

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When 4-month-old Edgar's dad talks to him, Edgar focuses on his dad's voice and face. Edgar is detecting auditory and visual stimuli.

In this situation, "Dad's voice" represents the auditory stimulus that Edgar is detecting. It is common for infants to be attracted to familiar voices, especially those of their caregivers, as it helps them build a bond and sense of security. Additionally, focusing on his dad's voice allows Edgar to develop his language skills as he becomes more familiar with the sounds and rhythms of speech.

The term "detecting" refers to Edgar's ability to perceive and respond to the stimuli in his environment. In this case, Edgar is detecting both auditory (his dad's voice) and visual (his dad's face) stimuli. This ability to detect and respond to various stimuli is crucial for an infant's overall development, as it allows them to explore their surroundings and learn more about the world around them.

By paying attention to both his dad's voice and face, Edgar is not only strengthening his bond with his father but also promoting his cognitive and sensory development. At 4 months old, babies like Edgar are continuously learning and growing through their interactions with their environment, and detecting these different stimuli is an essential part of that process.

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Knowledge discovered through observation and experience rooted in the collection of data is known as C. Empiricism.

Empiricism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the role of observation and experience in acquiring knowledge. This approach is based on the belief that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experience and that it is best acquired through the systematic collection of empirical data. Empiricists argue that our understanding of the world is formed by the data we gather from our experiences, rather than relying on intuition, speculation, or innate ideas.

The scientific method, which is a systematic way of acquiring knowledge through observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and data analysis, is strongly influenced by empiricism. Determinism, on the other hand, is the idea that events are predetermined by past events and the laws of nature, while participant observation refers to a research method where the researcher becomes involved in the lives of the subjects being studied.

In summary, empiricism is the approach that focuses on knowledge discovered through observation and experience, based on the systematic collection of data. This method of acquiring knowledge is at the core of the scientific method and has played a significant role in the advancement of various disciplines. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The question was incomplete, Find the full content below:

Knowledge discovered through observation and experience rooted in the collection of data is known as:

A. determinism

B. scientific method

C. empiricism

D. participant observation

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According to Erik Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development deals primarily with the development of trust versus mistrust.

This stage occurs during infancy, from birth to approximately 18 months, and involves the establishment of a sense of security and trust in the world and the people around the infant. The experience of consistent and reliable care from caregivers is essential for the development of trust, while inconsistent or neglectful care can lead to a sense of mistrust and anxiety in the infant.

Erik Erikson was a German-American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst who is known for his theory on psychosocial development. He was born on June 15, 1902, in Frankfurt, Germany, and died on May 12, 1994, in Harwich, Massachusetts, USA.

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development describes the eight stages of human development that individuals go through from infancy to old age. Each stage involves a psychosocial crisis or conflict that must be resolved for healthy personality development.

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Cognitive activity in late adulthood appears to promote neuroplasticity, which is the brain's ability to form new connections between neurons and modify existing ones.

Engaging in cognitively challenging activities, such as learning a new skill or language, can promote the growth of new dendritic connections and create a cognitive reserve, or a larger bank of neural pathways. This reserve can help compensate for the neural decline that occurs with primary aging of the brain and may allow individuals to maintain cognitive functioning well into late adulthood.

Therefore, cognitive activity in late adulthood can act as a kind of brain exercise that promotes neuroplasticity and cognitive reserve.

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The annual review of global cities on economic, political, cultural, infrastructure, communications, and transportation factors determines the overall quality of life in those cities.

These factors are essential to the development and growth of cities, as they influence the accessibility, safety, and efficiency of various services and resources. Economic factors, such as the availability of job opportunities and income levels, are crucial for supporting a high standard of living. Political factors, such as stability and governance, ensure safety and security in the city.

Cultural factors, such as diversity and community engagement, enrich the social and cultural experiences of residents. Infrastructure, communications, and transportation factors provide the necessary resources for transportation, communication, and access to goods and services, which are critical for the overall functioning and well-being of the city and its inhabitants.

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Accepting others for who they are as individuals means recognizing and respecting their inherent worth and dignity, regardless of their background, beliefs, or behaviors.

However, it does not necessarily mean that you condone or approve of their behaviors. Acceptance is not the same as agreement or approval. It is possible to acknowledge and accept someone's individuality without necessarily agreeing with or supporting everything they do. Acceptance can still involve setting boundaries or expressing disagreement when necessary. Additionally, acceptance does not mean that you have to compromise your own values or beliefs. Rather, it is about treating others with kindness, compassion, and empathy, while also maintaining your own integrity and values.

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Using the ultimatum game, it has been determined that people dislike unfairness so much they are willing to get nothing in order to make sure that someone who has treated them unfairly gets nothing too.

The ultimatum game is a classic experimental paradigm used in social psychology and behavioral economics to study decision-making and fairness.

In this game, two players are given a sum of money, and the first player called the proposer, has to split it with the second player, called the responder.

The proposer can offer any amount they like, but if the responder rejects the offer, neither player gets anything.
According to research on the ultimatum game, people are generally averse to unfairness and will often reject low offers, even though it means they get nothing.

This behavior is often attributed to a sense of fairness or a desire for reciprocity.

People want to punish those who treat them unfairly and make sure they don't benefit from their unfair behavior.

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The two potentially modifiable determinants that are the most important causes of preventable mortality in the United States are tobacco use and poor diet/physical inactivity.

Mortality refers to the state or condition of being subject to death. It is the quality or characteristic of being mortal, which means that all living organisms, including humans, animals, and plants, are eventually bound to die. Mortality rates are often used to measure the frequency of deaths in a particular population over a specific period. These rates are typically calculated as the number of deaths per unit of time, often expressed as a proportion of the total population.

Mortality rates can be influenced by various factors, including age, gender, race, lifestyle, and access to healthcare. Mortality is an essential concept in many fields, including medicine, public health, and social science, as it helps to understand the patterns and trends of deaths in populations, which can inform the development of interventions and policies to improve health outcomes and reduce mortality rates.

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In some situations, we may find ourselves in a room with a mild scent. As time passes, we may stop noticing the smell altogether, despite it still being present. This phenomenon is known as olfactory adaptation.

Our brains adapt to the scent, and it becomes less noticeable to us. This can happen with many scents, even unpleasant ones. It is important to be aware of olfactory adaptation, as it can lead to potentially dangerous situations. For instance, if there is a gas leak, we may not notice the smell after being in the room for a while. It is recommended to take breaks outside or in a different environment to prevent olfactory adaptation from occurring.

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Illusions result from the misinterpretation or distortion of sensory input.

Our brain receives information from our senses, and sometimes it can be confused or incomplete, resulting in an illusion. For example, optical illusions happen when our brain misinterprets the signals received by our eyes, creating the perception of something that is not actually there.

Auditory illusions can occur when our brain processes sound information incorrectly, leading us to hear something that is not really present.

On the other hand, extrasensory perception involves perception that is beyond the normal range of sensory input. It refers to the ability to perceive information through means other than the known senses. For instance, telepathy is the supposed ability to read someone's thoughts, while precognition is the supposed ability to perceive future events.

However, the scientific community does not recognize the existence of extrasensory perception, as there is no empirical evidence to support it. In summary, illusions result from errors in sensory input, while extrasensory perception goes beyond what our senses can perceive.

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The publisher of Intellectual Disability: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports, Eleventh Edition is the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD).

The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) is the publisher of Intellectual Disability: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports, Eleventh Edition. This edition was released in 2010 and serves as a comprehensive guide to the definition and classification of intellectual disabilities. It provides a framework for understanding the complex and diverse nature of intellectual disabilities and offers guidance on how to provide appropriate support to individuals with these disabilities.

The book includes contributions from experts in the field and covers a range of topics including assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. It also discusses the impact of intellectual disabilities on individuals and families and addresses the social, legal, and ethical issues surrounding these disabilities. Overall, the Eleventh Edition of Intellectual Disability is an essential resource for professionals working in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities, as well as students and families.

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Ethan is most likely experiencing proactive interference.

Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the ability to recall new information. In this case, Ethan's old locker combination is interfering with his ability to remember his new combination.

This type of interference is more likely to occur when the old and new information is similar in nature, as in this case. Ethan's brain is having difficulty distinguishing between the old and new information, making it harder for him to recall the new combination.

To overcome proactive interference, Ethan may need to use mnemonic devices or other memory aids to help him remember the new combination.

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In the early 1970s, there was a significant growth in environmental activism, as people became more aware of the negative impacts of human activity on the natural world.

As a result, long-standing environmental organizations, such as the Sierra Club and the National Wildlife Federation, experienced a surge in membership and political influence. These groups had been advocating for environmental protection for decades, but it was only in the 1970s that they were able to secure significant legislative victories, such as the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act.
In addition to these established organizations, new environmental groups also emerged during this time, such as Greenpeace and the Environmental Defense Fund. These groups were often more radical and militant than the older organizations, using tactics such as direct action and civil disobedience to draw attention to environmental issues.
Overall, the growth of environmental activism in the early 1970s was a response to a growing awareness of the threats posed by human activity to the natural world. This activism led to significant legislative changes and laid the groundwork for the modern environmental movement.

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When students are reading a decodable text that only uses pattern words or high-frequency words they have been taught, a reasonable level of reading accuracy to expect would depend on the age and grade level of the students.

Generally, for early readers in kindergarten and first grade, a reading accuracy level of around 90% or higher would be considered reasonable. This means that students would correctly read 9 out of 10 words in the text.

For older readers in second grade and beyond, a reading accuracy level of 95% or higher would be a reasonable expectation. This means that students would correctly read 19 out of 20 words in the text. However, it's important to note that these are just general guidelines and reading accuracy can vary based on individual student abilities and the complexity of the text.

It's also important to keep in mind that reading accuracy is just one aspect of reading proficiency. Other important factors include comprehension, fluency, and vocabulary development. Teachers should monitor and assess students' reading abilities regularly and provide targeted instruction and support to help them improve in all areas of reading.

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The process that is being demonstrated by two-year-old Philip's newly developed tendency to fear all small animals is generalization.

Generalization occurs when a response that was originally learned in one situation is now exhibited in a similar situation. In this case, Philip learned to fear the neighbor's cat after being clawed, and now he is generalizing that fear to all small animals. Spontaneous recovery, secondary reinforcement, latent learning, and shaping are all different processes that may occur in the learning process, but they are not relevant to the situation described in the question.

What is the meaning of tendency to fear all small animals?

The tendency to fear all small animals is a specific phobia known as animal phobia or animal-specific phobia. It is an excessive and irrational fear of a particular type of animal, which can include spiders, snakes, birds, rodents, or any other small creatures.

This fear may cause a person to experience intense anxiety or panic attacks when encountering the feared animal or even thinking about it. The fear may be so severe that it interferes with daily life, making it difficult for the person to go outside, visit certain places, or participate in activities where they might encounter the feared animal.

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Based on Sharice's high score on a measure of behavioral activation, we cannot conclusively determine her score on a measure of behavioral inhibition.

Behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition are separate systems within the brain that regulate approach and avoidance behaviors, respectively.

A high score in one system doesn't necessarily predict a specific score in the other system, as they can function independently or interact with each other depending on the individual and the situation.

Summary: Although Sharice has a high score in behavioral activation, it is not possible to accurately predict her score in behavioral inhibition based solely on this information.

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Answer:

Don't look on the past look more on your future then your past because it could be affected by doing that.

Explanation:

Preparing for long-distance travel can be made easier by utilizing various resources to ensure a smooth and enjoyable trip. One way to gather information and inspiration is by watching travel shows on TV .

The correct answer is option a.

These programs often showcase popular destinations, provide travel tips, and can help you understand local customs and cultures.

Another valuable resource is an auto or travel club (b). These clubs offer a range of services such as trip planning, route mapping, and discounts on accommodations and attractions. Additionally, they provide valuable advice on car maintenance and safety, making them a reliable source of assistance for long-distance travel.

While local police officers (c) may not be the primary source of travel assistance, they can provide helpful information regarding road conditions, traffic laws, and safety tips. This knowledge can be particularly useful in ensuring a safe and well-planned journey.

Lastly, the state driver's license office (d) may not directly assist in travel preparation but can provide important information about driving regulations and licensing requirements. Ensuring that your driver's license is up-to-date and valid for your trip is essential for avoiding legal issues during your journey.

In summary, using resources like travel shows, auto or travel clubs, local police officers, and state driver's license offices can contribute to a well-prepared and enjoyable long-distance travel experience.

Therefore, the correct answer is option a.

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The yield on a regional debenture bond is generally higher than that of a national debenture bond mainly due to the perceived risk associated with regional investments. Regional debenture bonds are issued by local authorities or corporations, which are smaller in size and have a smaller pool of investors.

This makes them less liquid than national debentures, which are issued by larger, national organizations with a wider investor base.Investors perceive regional debentures to be riskier, and as a result, they demand a higher yield as compensation for that risk. This is because regional organizations may be more susceptible to economic conditions and market downturns, as they are tied to a specific region's economic performance.In addition, regional debentures are often issued to finance smaller projects, such as local infrastructure developments, which may not generate as much revenue as larger national projects. This also contributes to the perceived risk of regional debentures and increases the yield demanded by investors.Overall, the higher yield on regional debenture bonds is a reflection of the perceived risk associated with regional investments, as well as the smaller size and less liquid nature of regional organizations.

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Bob is suffering from a delusional disorder, specifically erotomania. This disorder is characterized by a false belief that someone of higher status, such as a celebrity, is in love with the individual.

Bob's conviction that Madonna is in love with him despite never having met her is a clear indication of this disorder. This belief is not based on reality, and it is a symptom of a serious mental illness that requires professional intervention.

Delusional disorder can significantly impact an individual's daily life, and it is crucial to seek treatment. A combination of medication and therapy can help manage the symptoms and improve the individual's quality of life.

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Ray's therapist is suggesting a treatment known as aversion therapy. Aversion therapy is a behavioral therapy technique that involves pairing a negative stimulus with a behavior that a person wants to stop. In Ray's case, the negative stimulus is a mixture that induces nausea, and the behavior he wants to stop is consuming alcoholic drinks.

The idea behind aversion therapy is that the negative stimulus will create a strong association with the behavior, making the behavior less desirable or even repulsive.
The goal of aversion therapy is to help people overcome addictions or other undesirable behaviors by creating a negative association with them. By experiencing nausea each time he drinks alcohol, Ray is expected to develop a strong aversion to alcohol and stop drinking altogether. However, it's worth noting that aversion therapy is not a guaranteed or foolproof treatment, and its effectiveness can vary from person to person.
In summary, Ray's therapist is suggesting aversion therapy as a means of helping him overcome his addiction to alcohol by pairing it with a negative stimulus that induces nausea.

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