The building blocks of proteins are chains of amino acids, which fold into distinctive three-dimensional forms. Proteins' ultimate folded forms are well suited for their intended tasks because to the stabilising effects of bonding within protein molecules.
Each of these amino acids is connected to its neighbour through a covalent peptide bond, forming the lengthy chain that makes up a protein molecule.
Consequently, polypeptides is another name for proteins.
Chains of amino acids called proteins are put together by amide bonds, sometimes referred to as peptide connections. The many side-chain groups, or R-groups, are what give each amino acid its own special characteristics. The bulk of chemical processes in cells are catalysed by proteins.
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Why do you think making scaled drawings is important for our prototype plans?
otherwise you wont be able to erase it duh
According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium,
A. given enough time, most existing species will gradually give rise to new species.
B. transitional fossils, intermediate between newer species and their parent species, should be abundant.
C. natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution.
D. a new species accumulates most of its unique features as it comes into existence.
E. evolution of new species features long periods during which changes are occurring, interspersed with short periods of equilibrium, or stasis.
The correct answer is E. Evolution of new species features long periods during which changes are occurring, interspersed with short periods of equilibrium, or stasis.
According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the evolution of new species occurs during long periods of time during which changes are occurring, interspersed with short periods of equilibrium, or stasis. In other words, evolutionary change tends to occur in relatively rapid bursts, separated by periods of little or no change. This model suggests that speciation events are relatively rare and that most species remain relatively stable over long periods of time. The idea was first proposed by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould in 1972 as an alternative to the traditional gradualist model of evolution.
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an enzyme is considered a ______ because it speeds up chemical reactions without being used up.
what is the second messenger in the g protein-coupled protein kinase pathway stimulated by epinephrine in liver cells?
In the G protein-coupled protein kinase pathway stimulated by epinephrine in liver cells, cyclic AMP (cAMP) serves as the second messenger.
Epinephrine binds to and activates the beta-adrenergic receptor on the surface of liver cells, which in turn activates a G protein, Gs, leading to the activation of adenylate cyclase.
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, which then diffuses through the cytoplasm and activates protein kinase A (PKA). PKA then phosphorylates a variety of target proteins in the cell, leading to a diverse set of responses.
In liver cells, the activation of the G protein-coupled protein kinase pathway by epinephrine leads to an increase in glycogen breakdown and glucose production, which helps to increase blood glucose levels in response to stress or exercise.
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In general, a signal transmitted via phosphorylation of a series of proteins _____.
A. generates ATP in the process of signal transduction
B. activates a transcription event
C. results in a conformational change to each protein
D. requires binding of a hormone to an intracellular receptor
Transduction: The receptor protein is altered in some way when the signalling molecule attaches to it. The transduction process is started by this modification.
Cells frequently adopt a multi-step route that delivers the signal fast while amplifying the signal to several molecules at each stage because signaling systems need to be responsive to modest concentrations of chemical signals and act swiftly.
Usually, there are numerous phases in the process of signal transduction. The following molecule in the signal transduction cascade is altered by each relay molecule.
Phosphate groups are often added to or removed during signal transduction pathway steps, activating proteins as a result. Protein kinases are enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein. Protein kinases make up a large portion of the relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway and frequently interact with other protein kinases in the circuit. This frequently starts a chain reaction known as a phosphorylation cascade, in which one enzyme phosphorylates another, which then phosphorylates another protein.
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When stimulated by a particular hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably
A) aldosterone.
B) a steroid.
C) testosterone.
D) estrogen.
E) a peptide.
Option B is correct. The activity of G proteins in the membrane is markedly increased in response to a specific hormone. Most likely, the hormone is a steroid.
Numerous G protein-coupled receptors are liganded by peptide hormones. Growth, appetite and energy metabolism, cardiac function, stress, and reproductive physiology are all regulated by peptide hormones, which are secreted and act in an endocrine manner. The GTP for GDP exchange on the G protein alpha subunit, which is the rate-limiting step in the activation of all downstream signaling, activates G proteins, which are molecular switches.
Your bones enlarge if you have too much growth hormone. It is known as gigantism in children and causes an increase in height. However, there is no change in height as an adult. The condition is known as acromegaly and affects only the bones in your hands, feet, and face.
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According to the fluid mosaic model of membranes, membranes consist of:
1. a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which carbohydrates are embedded.
2. mainly phospholipids with scattered nucleic acids.
3. a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded.
4. a lipid-protein sandwich.
Based on the fluid mosaic theory of membranes, proteins are embedded within a liquid phospholipid bilayer that makes up a membrane.
The correct statement is 3.
What foods have a lot of protein?Plant-based meals (fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds) frequently lack one or more essential amino acids, but animal-based foods (meat, chicken, fish, eggs, and dairy products) are frequently good sources of complete protein.
What is protein, for instance?The chemical compounds known as proteins are found in living organisms. They carry out a variety of jobs, including transportation, organizing, and defense. Amino acids in chains make up a protein, which can have a maximum of four distinct structural levels.
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Drag each label to the correct location on the image.
Match each digestive juice or enzyme to the organ where it performs.
hydrochloric acid
saliva
pancreatic juices
Saliva is released from the salivary gland, and hydrochloric acid is released from the stomach. Thus, the correct option for 1 is saliva, 2 is hydrochloric acid, and 3 is pancreatic juice.
What are digestive juices?Enzymes, which quicken bodily chemical reactions, are present in digestive fluids and help break down food into its various components. salivary ducts. Food is moistened by saliva from the salivary glands, which helps it pass more smoothly past the esophagus and into the stomach.
Saliva is released from the salivary gland, hydrochloric acid is released from the stomach, and pancreatic juice is secreted from the pancreas. Thus, the correct option for 1 is saliva, 2 is hydrochloric acid, and 3 is pancreatic juice.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the full question is this:
Drag each label to the correct location on the image.
Match each digestive juice or enzyme to the organ where it performs.
hydrochloric acid
saliva
pancreatic juices
The image is attached below:
what does aqi stand for
AQI stands for Air Quality Index. It is a measure of how polluted the air is in a particular area and how it may affect human health.
The AQI scale ranges from 0 to 500 and is calculated based on the concentrations of five major air pollutants: ground-level ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.
The AQI provides information on the air quality in a particular area and can help people make informed decisions about their activities, such as whether to engage in outdoor activities or take precautions to protect their health. For example, on days when the AQI is high, people with respiratory problems may be advised to avoid strenuous outdoor activities or stay indoors with air conditioning.
Government agencies and other organizations monitor air quality and calculate AQI scores for different areas. AQI scores are often reported in news and weather reports, and many cities have websites or apps that provide real-time air quality information.
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HELP PLEASE ILL MARK AS BRAINLIEST!!!!!
Figure 3 shows folding. Rocks are usually deposited flat and level. If you see them tilted or folded, the tilt ot fold came after the layers were made. What could have caused the folding?
Answer:
They tilt and fold due to tectonic activity, and river cuttings can cause gaps among the layers.
The process of making RNA using DNA as a template is called ___.
DNA transcription, a procedure that shares certain similarities with DNA replication, is the only way for a cell to produce all of the RNA it needs.
In order to reveal the bases on each DNA strand, a little section of the DNA double helix must first be opened and unwound. The production of an RNA molecule then uses the DNA double helix's one of its two strands as a template. The complementary base pairing of incoming nucleotides and the DNA template determines the nucleotide sequence of the RNA chain, just like in DNA replication. An enzymatically catalyzed reaction occurs when a successful match is made, resulting in the addition of a covalent bond between the incoming ribonucleotide and the extending RNA chain.
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The fluid mosaic model of the membrane proposed that membranes: a.Consist of the single layer of phospholipids and proteins. B.Consist of a phospholipids bilayer composed of a variety of fatty acids C.Consist of protein molecules embedded in a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids. D.Consist of a phospholipid bilayer between two layers of hydrophilic proteins.
The fluid mosaic model of the membrane proposed that membranes consist of protein molecules embedded in a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids. Option C is correct.
Fluid mosaic model was first proposed by S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson in 1972 and it describes the structure of biological membranes. According to this model, the membrane is composed of a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded, forming a mosaic pattern. The fluidity of the bilayer is due to the movement of the phospholipid molecules, which can move laterally within the plane of the membrane.
The model also suggests that the membrane is not a static structure, but rather a dynamic one that can change in response to environmental stimuli. The proteins embedded within the bilayer can move laterally or rotate around their axis, and they can also interact with each other and with other molecules inside and outside of the cell.
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What feature of wetlands allows larger particles and chemicals to settle and adsorb to the sediment?
Large ponds are used to remove sediment from constructed wetlands because they allow for the dispersion of water velocities, which causes sediment particles to fall out of the water column and settle at the bottom of a basin, which must then be cleaned frequently.
Wetland is a complex ecosystem that is defined by flooding or soil saturation. This low oxygen environment favours a particular assembly of plants, animals, & bacteria that have evolved to withstand periods of stagnant or slowly moving water.
Physical, chemical, & biological processes work together in wetlands to remove plant nutrients from the environment. When water slowly moves through the marsh, the found naturally processes adsorb/absorb, convert, sequester, and eliminate the nutrients as well as other contaminants.
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Which of the active transport types employs diffusion
A. Symport
B. All types of active transport make use of some form of diffusion.
C. Antiport
D. Uniport and Antiport
E. Uniport
All types of active transport make use of some form of diffusion. is the active transport types employs diffusion.
Why is diffusion in biology?Diffusion is important to cells because it allows them to gain the useful substances they require to obtain energy and grow, and lets them get rid of waste products. This table shows examples of substances required by cell and associated waste products.
Why is it called diffusion?A change in concentration over a distance is called a concentration gradient, a change in pressure over a distance is called a pressure gradient, and a change in temperature over a distance is called a temperature gradient. The word diffusion derives from the Latin word, diffundere, which means "to spread out."
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which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands?
The frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for generating motor commands.
frontal lobe contains the primary motor cortex, which is located in the precentral gyrus and is responsible for initiating voluntary movement. The motor cortex sends signals to the spinal cord and brainstem, which in turn activate the muscles needed for movement. The prefrontal cortex, which is located in the anterior part of the frontal lobe, is also involved in planning and executing movements, as well as decision making and other higher-order cognitive functions. Damage to the frontal lobe can result in a range of motor deficits, including weakness, paralysis, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
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What type of epistasis between locus A and B could be explained by the following biochemical pathway?
A B
Yellow ---->Orange -----> RedDominant/recessive epistasis duplicate genes with cumulative effect duplicate recessive epistasis single dominant epistasis single recessive epistasis duplicate dominant epistasis
The following molecular mechanism could account for the sort of duplicate recessive epistasis that occurs between loci A and B.
Gene A is waves propagating and parent B is hypostatic in classical genetics if genes And the a B are mutated and each mutation alone results in a distinct phenotype but the mutated gene combined create a same phenotype also as gene A mutation. For instance, the genetic for brown hair is epistatic towards the trait for total baldness. Dominant epistasis occurs when a dominant allele masks the development both of recessive and dominant genotypes at other loci. When the expression is hidden by the recessive allele, this is recessive epistasis. The blossom hue of sweet pea plants is the best illustration of duplicate recessive epistasis.
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Sunspots are darker than the regions of the Sun around them because
As a result of the fact that they are colder than other Sun-surface regions. A sunspot's temperature is still extremely high, at about 6,500 degrees Fahrenheit.
Sunspots: Are they darker than the Sun?According to NASA, sunspots are significantly cooler and release roughly 25% as much light as the rest of the sun, which is why they appear so much darker than the rest of the visible surface of the sun, or photosphere.
What are the sunspots' two key attributes?There are two basic components to sunspots: a penumbra that surrounds the umbra in the centre. The magnetic field is highest and almost vertical, or normal, to the Sun's surface, or photosphere, in the umbra, which is a sunspot's darkest area.
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Where is selectively permeable in cell?
Only some chemicals can passively diffuse straight across cell membranes because they are selectively permeable. Small, nonpolar molecules like carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen are among these chemicals.
The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates and shields the interior of all cells from the external environment. It is also referred to as the plasma membrane (PM), cytoplasmic membrane, or plasmalemma (the extracellular space).
The cell membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer, which is two layers of phospholipids interleaved with cholesterol (a lipid component) to maintain the proper fluidity of the membrane at varying temperatures.
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What are the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA?
Answer:Both DNA and RNA have four nitrogenous bases each—three of which they share (Cytosine, Adenine, and Guanine) and one that differs between the two (RNA has Uracil while DNA has Thymine).Mar
Explanation:
Which polysaccharide is an important component in the structure of many animals and fungal cells? A) chitin B) amylose C) amylopectin D) cellulose.
A significant part of the structure of many animal and fungus cells is the chitin polysaccharide.
What type of polysaccharide gives animals their structure?Polysaccharides often have one of two functions: either they store energy or maintain structural integrity. Energy is stored in highly compact polymers like starch and glycogen. Two linear polymers, cellulose and chitin, offer structural support in both plants and animals.
Which storage polysaccharide is present in both fungus and animals?A polysaccharide of glucose is called glycogen. It is utilised to store energy in both fungi and animals, and it is the main type of glucose in the human body.
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what is the relationship between the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus?
Both the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells and are involved in the synthesis, modification, and transportation of proteins and lipids.
In order to guarantee the appropriate folding, processing, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids throughout the cell, the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus collaborate. The proteins are created and altered in the ER, then packaged into transport vesicles and sent to the Golgi for further processing and sorting. The proteins are subsequently modified and sorted by the Golgi before being transported to different vesicles that will ultimately be used by the cell.
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True/False. a heterozygote in a diploid individual would have 2 different alleles at the designated locus.
True. A heterozygote in a diploid individual would have 2 different alleles at the designated locus.
A gene region where there are two distinct alleles present. One normal allele and one mutant allele, or two distinct mutated alleles, can make up a heterozygous genotype (compound heterozygote).
What are some examples of heterozygote advantage?The instance of sickle cell anemia is a well-known illustration of heterozygote advantage in humans. The first hereditary disease to be linked to a particular genetic mutation, a single letter (base) alteration in the DNA of a gene generating a component of hemoglobin, was sickle cell anemia.
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Which structure is not a part of the sporophyte generation?
A) Flower
B) Anther
C) Egg
D) Leaf
Flower structure is not mentioned as being a part of both the sporophyte generation in the sentence.
What is a simple definition of a sporophyte?Sporophyte is the name for a diploid stage in a plant's or certain algae's life cycle. The zygote grows into a sporophyte, which meiosis creates spores in. After that, the spores transform into haploid gametophytes. This mature fern flower is an illustration of a sporophyte.
What is a sporophyte example?After fertilization, an sporophyte of mosses like Funaria and Polytrichum forms. Its foot, seta, plus capsule make up the sporophyte in mosses. The haploid spores in the capsule develop into the gametophyte, which includes antheridia and archegonia, as they are dispersed by the wind.
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What is the energy required to change a solid to a liquid?
The quantity of heat energy necessary to turn a solid into a liquid now at boiling point is known as latent heat of fusion.
What are instances of solids to liquids?Ice to water: When left outside at temperatures higher than 32 degrees, ice has melted back into water. Rocks can be heated in volcanoes until they become molten lava. Metals like steel or bronze can be melted down into a molten liquid.
Is there a chemical change when a solid becomes a liquid?Physical changes cause molecules to move but not to change. Changes in government are just a few of the physical changes. separation of a combination.
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if we observe a trait occurs in only two forms in a population, we can conclude that inheritance of the trait is
Organisms acquire characteristics from their parents through inheritance. These characteristics are referred to as traits. Every individual has a unique set of qualities that make them unique.
Mendel's laws on inheritance describe what?As per Mendel's law of inheritance, The alleles for every gene segregate from one another during gamete production, resulting in each gamete having just one copy of each gene. Independent assortment: During the development of gametes, genes for various features can segregate independently.
Mendel's first rule of inheritance is what?Mendel's First Law, also known as the law of segregation, states that during the development of a gamete, each member of an allelic pairing separates from each other member to create the gamete's genetic makeup.
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QUICK!!!!
Which molecules are represented by box B?
bases
proteins
amino acids
simple sugars
Answer: proteins.
Explanation:
in science fiction, suspended animation of a body at a very low temperature
true/false
True. a body in suspended animation in science fiction because of its extremely low temperature. Suspended animation is the halting of life processes by exogenous or endogenous mechanisms without putting a stop to actual life.
Other involuntary activities such as breathing, heartbeat, and others may still exist, but they can only be observed artificially. Suspended animation is a state of unconsciousness in which an animal's body functions very slowly, perhaps to help it survive the winter. 2. a noncount noun When you say that someone is "in a condition of suspended animation," you are referring to their inactivity and inaction.
Abstract. The therapeutic induction of a condition of tolerance to momentary total systemic ischemia, also known as protection-preservation, is known as suspended animation.
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What is a landform simple?
A landform is a natural feature or shapes on the surface of the Earth that is created by geological or geomorphological processes.
Landforms can be found in a variety of sizes, shapes, and elevations, and they can be classified into several categories based on their characteristics. Some examples of landforms include mountains, hills, valleys, plateaus, canyons, deserts, plains, coastlines, and islands. Landforms can be created by a variety of natural processes, such as erosion, deposition, tectonic activity, volcanic activity, and weathering.
Landforms can also play an important role in shaping the physical and biological characteristics of an area.
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A molecule becomes more oxidized when it __________.
A changes shape
B gains a hydrogen (H+) ion
C loses a hydrogen (H+) ion
D gains an electron
E loses an electron
A molecule happens to become even more oxidized when it loses an electron.
The correct option is option E.
Oxidation is basically a process which involves the removal of electrons or it can also be basically defined as a process which happens to involve the addition of the oxygen atom or any electronegative element or we can say the removal of hydrogen or any other electropositive element.
Oxidation is said to have occurred when the oxidation state of a particular molecule, an atom or a certain ion is increased. The process opposite to oxidation is called reduction, which basically occurs when there is a gain of the electrons or a change in the oxidation state of an atom, a molecule, or an ion decreases.
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plasmodesmata enable metabolic communication between _____
Plasmodesmata enable the metabolic communication between the cytoplasm of plant cells.
Plasmodesmata is the membranous channel formed between two plant cells. Along with the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum of the two cells are also connected. This channel enables the transfer of various molecules from cell to another.
Cytoplasm is the gel-like liquid material present inside the cell. It comprises of water, organic molecules, salts, etc. The cytoplasm provides the correct environment for the various cell organelles to reside and perform their functions. Various functions are also performed in the cytoplasm itself like the protein synthesis, cell expansion, etc.
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