5. How many moles of cadmium chloride can be produced from 45.1 grams of cadmium with excess hydrochloric acid?

Cd(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CdCl2(aq) + H2(g)


6. How many moles of sulfur could be prepared from 54.1 L of oxygen at STP?

2 H2S(g) + O2(g) → 2 S(s) + 2 H2O(l)




7. Calculate the number of grams of CO2 that are produced by heating 116.4 grams of magnesium carbonate.

MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g)




8. How many moles of silver will be formed when 5.00 mol of copper react with excess silver nitrate?

Cu(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 Ag(s)




9. Phosphorus reacts with oxygen gas to produce tetraphosphorus decoxide.

4 P(s) + 5 O2(g) → P4O10(s)

If a chemist needs 33.1 grams of P4O10, how many moles of P4 are needed to react with excess oxygen?




10. In the reaction, Al2O3(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l), how many grams of AlCl3 will be produced from 56.1 grams of HCl?

Answer:

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Explanation:

The 20 amino acids and their abbreviations are:

1. Alanine (Ala)

2. Arginine (Arg)

3. Asparagine (Asn)

4. Aspartic acid (Asp)

5. Cysteine (Cys)

6. Glutamic acid (Glu)

7. Glutamine (Gln)

8. Glycine (Gly)

9. Histidine (His)

10. Isoleucine (Ile)

11. Leucine (Leu)

12. Lysine (Lys)

13. Methionine (Met)

14. Phenylalanine (Phe)

15. Proline (Pro)

16. Serine (Ser)

17. Threonine (Thr)

18. Tryptophan (Trp)

19. Tyrosine (Tyr)

20. Valine (Val)

What is amino acid?

Amino acids are organic molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different amino acids. They are the building blocks of proteins, and are essential for life. Amino acids link together to form long chains called polypeptides, which are then folded and coiled to form proteins. These proteins have many functions, including providing structure, catalyzing reactions and transporting molecules.

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When the kinetic energy of the particles in some metals is decreased, the particles will tend to move closer together, reducing the interparticle distance. This results in a reduction in the average vibrational energy of the particles, which in turn can cause the metal to undergo a phase transition and become a solid.

For metals with a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, the decrease in kinetic energy may result in the formation of a close-packed hexagonal (CPH) crystal structure. For metals with a body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure, the decrease in kinetic energy may result in the formation of a simple cubic crystal structure.

This change in the crystal structure of metals due to a decrease in kinetic energy is known as recrystallization or recrystallization annealing. The process is commonly used to improve the mechanical properties and texture of metals, such as increasing their strength and reducing the likelihood of fracture.

False, Compounds can interact with water because they have polar or ionic properties.

Because of how the positive and negative charges of the solvent and solute interact, water is a polar solvent that can dissolve polar or ionic substances. When dissolved in water, ionic substances separate into their constituent ions, enabling interaction with the water molecules. Because polar functional groups can establish hydrogen bonds with the water molecules, polar substances like alcohols and carboxylic acids will also interact with water. Because they lack polar functional groups and are unable to create hydrogen bonds with water molecules, non-polar substances, such as hydrocarbons, normally do not interact with water. Therefore, a compound's polar or ionic characteristics determine whether it can interact with water.

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△G= △H - T △S

Where △G is change in Gibbs free energy

△H is change in enthalpy

△S is entropy change .

Any reaction is spontaneous if △G is negative for that reaction.

T is 273K (standard conditions)

△G = -219000 - 273 ×(- 21)

△G = -213267 J

Since △G is negative hence reaction is spontaneous .

What is the change in enthalpy?

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CuCl2(aq) + Zn(s) reaction and predict whether it will be spontaneous.

What is reaction?

Reaction is the process of responding to a stimulus. It could be a physical response, such as an increase in heart rate or a change in body temperature. It could also be a mental response, such as a change in thoughts or emotions. Reactions can be conscious or unconscious, and can vary from person to person. They can be short-term or long-term, depending on the situation. Reactions are important for survival as they help us respond quickly to changes in our environment. They can also be used to learn and adapt to new situations.

This single replacement reaction is spontaneous because copper is more reactive than zinc, meaning copper will replace zinc in the solution. The products of this reaction will be CuCl2(aq) and Zn(s).

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8 valence electrons

One simple piece of evidence for this is the Noble Gases which form the last column on the right of the periodic table. All of these elements have 8 valence electrons in their highest principle energy level.

The presence of chlorine in the water can generate the red-brown hue, chlorine odour, and bubbles in a foot bath. Chlorine is a common chemical used in spas, pools, and foot baths to sanitise and disinfect the water.

Chlorine combines with organic substances in water, such as skin oils and sweat, to generate compounds that emit a strong chlorine odour and can cause water discolouration. Bubbles can also occur as a result of a chemical reaction between chlorine and organic debris, as well as the release of dissolved gases in the water.

To guarantee optimal cleanliness and to prevent the formation of hazardous germs, proper chlorine levels in a foot bath must be maintained. Excessive chlorine, on the other hand, can cause skin irritation, dryness, and discolouration. To avoid these side effects, it is best to rinse completely after bathing in a chlorine-containing foot bath.

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The electron geometry for a molecule that has four electron groups around the central atom is tetrahedral.

What is tetrahedral?

Tetrahedral is a three-dimensional shape with four triangular faces and four vertices. It is one of the five platonic solids, which are regular 3D shapes with equal sides and angles. Tetrahedron is the simplest of the platonic solids, and has the smallest number of faces and vertices. The four faces of a tetrahedron are all equilateral triangles, and the angles between the three edges of each face are equal to 60°. All four vertices of a tetrahedron are connected to each other, forming a three-dimensional structure.

Therefore, The electron geometry for a molecule that has four electron groups around the central atom is tetrahedral.

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The mass of a chemical per unit volume is referred to as its density. A millilitre of temperature of 25 degrees Celsius has a density of 0.9982 grammes per millilitre, or 0.9982 grammes per millilitre.

Given that the unknown substance had a mass of 15.000 g and a density of 0.9982 g/mL at 25 °C, it would have had a volume of 15.000 f / 0.9982 c e = 15.068 mL if it had been water. However, given that the actual amount of the unidentified liquid was found to really be 19.01 mL, you may infer that it is not water because it has a distinct density from water.

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The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a polar molecule.

What does the term "polar molecule" mean?

Molecules that have both positive and negative charge areas are said to be polar. A polar substance is water, for instance.

                     Due to the sort of bonds it has and the way it is shaped, one end of the molecule—the hydrogen end—has a slight positive charge while the other has a slight negative charge (the oxygen end).

What are the five characteristics of water and how did they develop?

Water has various characteristics, including cohesion, adhesion, capillary action, surface tension, the capacity to dissolve a wide range of compounds, and high specific heat. Cohesion is the term used to describe a water molecule's propensity to cling together and create weak interactions.

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Hence option C is the correct option.

Therefore, the formula of the hydrate is MgCO3•0.449H2O.

The formula of the hydrate can be determined by calculating the number of moles of water driven off during the heating process and then using this information to determine the formula of the hydrate.

First, calculate the number of moles of water driven off:

15.67 g - 7.58 g = 8.09 g

Next, convert the mass of water driven off to moles:

8.09 g / (18.015 g/mol) = 0.449 mol

Finally, use the number of moles of water driven off to determine the formula of the hydrate:

(0.449 mol H2O) / (1 mol MgCO3•xH2O) = x

x = 0.449

So, the formula of the hydrate is MgCO3•0.449H2O.

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The functional groups present in molecule 1 are a carboxylic acid group (COOH) and an alcohol group (OH). The functional groups present in molecule 2 are an ester group (–COOR), and an alcohol group (–OH).

Molecule is a small particle consisting of two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond. Molecules are the building blocks of matter, and are essential in understanding how matter works and how it interacts with other matter. Molecules are made up of atoms, which are the smallest parts of matter that can interact with each other. Molecules can be as small as two atoms or as large as millions of atoms. Molecules can be in different shapes and sizes, depending on their chemical structure. Molecules are found in all physical forms, including solids, liquids, and gases. Molecules can react with other molecules, forming new compounds and changing the properties of the matter. Molecules are important in many fields, including chemistry, biology, and physics.

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The initial rates approach, which examines the beginning rates of reactions, the concentration of reactants, and their impact on the total reaction, is most frequently used to calculate the rate law.

A rate law demonstrates the relationship between reaction rate and reactant concentration. In general, the rate law for a reaction like aA products takes the form rate = k [A]n,

In order to understand how this functions, let's look at the most straightforward example.

Where n is the reaction's rank in relation to A and k is the proportionality constant known as the rate constant.

Therefore, rate=k[NO]2[O2] represents a rate law for the overall reaction that is consistent with the proposed mechanism.

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The Given question is incomplete. The complete question is given below:

Step 1: 2NO⇄(NO)2 (fast)

Step 2: (NO)2+O2⇄2NO2 (slow)

The elementary steps in a proposed mechanism for the reaction 2 NO(g)+O2(g)→2NO2(g) are represented by the equations above. Which of the following is the rate law for the overall reaction that is consistent with the proposed mechanism?

The initial rates approach, which examines the beginning rates of reactions, the concentration of reactants, and their impact on the total reaction, is most frequently used to calculate the rate law.

A rate law demonstrates the relationship between reaction rate and reactant concentration. In general, the rate law for a reaction like aA products takes the form rate = k [A]n,

In order to understand how this functions, let's look at the most straightforward example.

Where n is the reaction's rank in relation to A and k is the proportionality constant known as the rate constant.

Therefore, rate=k[NO]2[O2] represents a rate law for the overall reaction that is consistent with the proposed mechanism.

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The Given question is incomplete. The complete question is given below:

Step 1: 2NO⇄(NO)2 (fast)

Step 2: (NO)2+O2⇄2NO2 (slow)

The elementary steps in a proposed mechanism for the reaction 2 NO(g)+O2(g)→2NO2(g) are represented by the equations above. Which of the following is the rate law for the overall reaction that is consistent with the proposed mechanism?

[He] 2s2 2p5 is the electronic configuration of Fluorine .

What are compounds ?

A  compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. They differ from mixtures consisting of  two or more substances physically mixed without chemical bonding. Compounds have their own physical and chemical properties that differ from those of individual elements. For example, the compound water (H2O) has different properties (boiling point, density, solubility, etc.) than its components hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2).

Compounds are formed by chemical reactions in which atoms of different elements combine to form new substances. The formation of a compound can be represented by a chemical formula that indicates the type and number of atoms in the compound.

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The amount of energy required to melt 64 g of methane at 90 k is 3.784 KJ.

The energy required to melt 64 g of methane (CH4) at 90 K can be calculated using the heat of fusion, which is the amount of heat energy required to change the state of a substance from solid to liquid at a constant temperature.

Heat of fusion, also known as the enthalpy of fusion, is the amount of heat energy required to change the state of a substance from solid to liquid at a constant temperature. It is typically expressed in units of joules per mole (J/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

Heat of fusion is an important physical property of a substance, as it determines the amount of energy required to melt a solid at a given temperature. It is used in many applications, including thermodynamics, process design, and energy storage.

First, we need to convert the amount of methane from grams to moles:

64 g CH4 / 16 g/mol = 4 mol CH4

Next, we can use the heat of fusion to calculate the energy required to melt the methane:

Heat of fusion = moles * heat of fusion per mole

Heat of fusion = 4 mol * 0.946 KJ/mol = 3.784 KJ

Therefore, the energy required to melt 64 g of methane at 90 K is 3.784 KJ.

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There are various types of the salt ammonium phosphate, some of which are acidic and others of which are basic or neutral.

The ratio of ammonium (NH4+) to phosphate (PO4-3-) ions determines whether ammonium phosphate is acidic or basic.

Ammonium phosphate comes in an acidic form called ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4). It is frequently employed as a food ingredient and as a fertiliser. Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate dissociates into ammonium and hydrogen ions when it is dissolved in water, raising the acidity of the solution.

The fertiliser diammonium phosphate (NH4)2HPO4, on the other hand, is a neutral form of ammonium phosphate. Since there is a balance between the ammonium and phosphate ions in this form, the solution's pH is not altered and it does not dissolve into hydrogen ions in water.

Finally, the exact salt form determines whether ammonium phosphate is an acid or not. Compared to diammonium phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is acidic.

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Unsaturated solution is a solution in which more of the solute can be dissolved at a given temperature.

What is unsaturated solution with example?

Unsaturated solutions are any in which the concentration of the solute is less than the solute's saturation point. Two tablespoons of salt dissolved in one litre of water serves as an illustration. Acetic acid is the solute and water is the solvent in vinegar, which is an unsaturated solution.

Hence Unsaturated solution is a correct answer.

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A) CH4 (Methane) is expected to have the lowest vapor pressure.

What is vapor pressure?

Vapor pressure is a measure of the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid). The vapor pressure of a substance is determined by its temperature, intermolecular forces, and molecular weight. Generally, substances with weaker intermolecular forces and lower molecular weights have lower vapor pressures at a given temperature.

CH4 (Methane) has weaker intermolecular forces (London dispersion forces) and a lower molecular weight compared to the other substances listed (SiH4, NH3, PH3, and H2O). As a result, CH4 is expected to have the lowest vapor pressure of the listed substances at a given temperature.

Note: The vapor pressure of a substance can also be influenced by other factors, such as the shape and arrangement of the molecules.

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Observation: When a metal burns in a closed container, the combined mass of the container and also its contents remains unchanged. Theory: Matter is of atoms. Law: Matter was conserved in chemical reactions.

Anything that occupies space and that can be weighed is considered matter. Alternatively said, matter has both mass and volume. In the universe, there are numerous different substances or forms of matter.

Two variables, namely mass and charge, are conserved during chemical reactions. Therefore, if you start with 10 g of substance in a reaction, you will only have 10 g of material at most at the conclusion of the chemical reaction. Of course, you won't even receive that because yield is reduced and handling losses always happen.

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The mass (in grams) of C₄H₁₀ that must react with excess oxygen to produce 74 grams of CO₂ is 24.45 grams (Option C)

First we shall determine the stoichiometry of the reaction. Details below:

2C₄H₁₀ + 13O₂ → 8CO₂ + 10H₂O

From the balanced equation above,

352 grams of CO₂ were produced from 116.24 grams of C₄H₁₀

With the above information, we can determine the mass of C₄H₁₀ needed to react with excess oxygen to produce 74 grams of CO₂. Details below:

From the balanced equation above,

352 grams of CO₂ were produced from 116.24 grams of C₄H₁₀

Therefore,

74 grams of CO₂ will be produce from = (74 × 116.24) / 352 = 24.45 grams of C₄H₁₀

Thus, the mass of C₄H₁₀ needed is 24.45 grams (Option C)

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The labeled transition that represents an electron that absorbs a photon with 10.2 eV of energy is Transition B, which is from the 0.0 eV level to the 10.2 eV level.

In the diagram, Transition B is from the 0.0 eV level to the 10.2 eV level, so this transition is the one that represents the electron absorbing a photon with 10.2 eV of energy. This means that the energy difference between the initial and final energy levels is equal to 10.2 eV. This is an example of an electronic transition in which the electron absorbs a photon and is able to jump to a level with higher energy.

When an electron absorbs a photon, the photon is said to have been "absorbed" by the electron and its energy is added to the electron's energy.

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According to the question,K2CO3 is the limiting reagent.

The limiting factor is the constraint placed on an individual or system that restricts or restricts its ability to perform a certain task or achieve a certain goal. Limiting factors can be internal or external and can be physical, environmental, or financial. Examples of limiting factors include lack of resources, time, money, staff, or technology. Limiting factors can also be psychological, such as fear or a lack of motivation. In any case, limiting factors can prevent an individual or system from achieving its desired outcome or goal.

The amount of K2CO3 (50.00 g) is less than the amount of Fe(CrO2)2 (100.00 g). Therefore, K2CO3 is the limiting reagent, meaning that it will be used up first and there will not be enough to react with all of the Fe(CrO2)2.

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Answer:

1.49 moles of calcium.

Explanation:

The molar mass of calcium (Ca) is 40.08 g/mol. To find the number of moles of calcium in a sample of 60.0 g, we can use the following formula:

moles = mass / molar mass

moles = 60.0 / 40.08

moles = 1.49 moles

So, the sample contains 1.49 moles of calcium.

There are 16 variable in the equation below with the property it represents. number of moles time power voltage volume molarity .

"number of moles" represents n (the number of moles of a substance)

"time" represents t (time elapsed)

"power" represents P (power, or the rate at which energy is transferred)

"voltage" represents V (potential difference, or voltage)

"volume" represents V (volume)

"molarity" represents M (molarity, or the concentration of a solution)

"N solute" represents N (the number of solute particles in a solution)

"RT" represents RT (the product of the gas constant R and the absolute temperature T)

"MRT" represents MRT (the product of moles (n), the gas constant (R), and absolute temperature (T))

"rate" represents rate (the rate at which a reaction occurs)

"universal gas constant" represents R (the universal gas constant, a physical constant used in equations of state)

"sol" represents solution (a shortened form of "solution")

"osmotic pressure" represents π (osmotic pressure, the pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to stop osmosis)

"absolute temperature" represents T (absolute temperature, temperature measured on the Kelvin scale)

"integer" represents an integer value

"molar mass" represents M (molar mass, the mass of one mole of a substance)

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Label each variable in the equation below with the property which represents. number of moles time power voltage volume molarity N solute RT = MRT rate universal gas constant solution osmotic pressure absolute temperature integer molar mass.

Cell culture is an in vitro technique used to grow and study cells outside of an organism. Cell cultures are often grown in flasks, which have a defined volume.

In this scenario, we have a cell culture that has a concentration of 3 x 105 cells per milliliter (ml). If each flask holds 75 ml of culture, we can calculate the total number of cells in each flask by multiplying the concentration (3 x 105 cells/ml) by the volume (75 ml) of culture in the flask:

3 x 105 cells/ml * 75 ml = 2.25 x 106 cells/flask

So, each flask contains 2.25 x 106 cells.

To find the total number of cells in all 12 flasks, we simply need to multiply the number of cells in one flask by the number of flasks:

2.25 x 106 cells/flask * 12 flasks = 2.7 x 107 cells in total.

Therefore, the total number of cells in the 12 flasks is 2.7 x 107 cells.

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In the above equation 0.48 grams of water can be made when 5 grams of HNO3 are consumed.

The term stoichiometry  is defined as the determination of the proportions in which elements or compounds react with one another.

The rules followed in the finding of stoichiometric relationships are based on the laws of conservation of mass and energy and the law of combining weights or volumes.

Based on stoichiometry HNO3 to H2O is 6:2

Use 5 grams to find the moles of HNO3

5 grams/ 63g /mol = 0.08 moles of HNO3

HNO3 : H2O

6 : 2

= 0.08 × 2 / 6

= 0.026

H2O moles are 0.026moles

Mass of water =0.026moles × 18g / mol

= 0.48g

To the nearest tenth=0.5grams

Thus, In the above equation 0.48 grams of water can be made when 5 grams of HNO3 are consumed.

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The rate at which [tex]O_{2}[/tex] is reacting is [tex]0.5\times10^{-4}[/tex][tex]\frac{mol}{L.s}[/tex] and [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] is forming is 1.0×[tex]10^{-4}[/tex][tex]\frac{mol}{L.s}[/tex].

The reaction that is happening is

[tex]2NO+O_{2}- > 2NO_{2}[/tex]

The measure of the change in reactant or product concentration per unit of time is called the reaction rate for a specific chemical reaction.

As the reactants are used up, most reactions get slower. As a result, when measured over longer time intervals t, the rates given by the formulas above often lose .

As a result, for the reaction whose progress is shown above, the actual rate (as determined by the rising product concentration) changes continually, peaking at time zero. The slope of a tangent to the curve determines the immediate rate of a reaction.

now, to find the rate at which reactant and product is forming is

[tex]\frac{-dNO}{2dt}[/tex]=[tex]\frac{-dO_{2} }{dt}[/tex]=[tex]\frac{dNO_{2} }{2dt}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{-dO_{2} }{dt}[/tex]=[tex]\frac{1\times10^{-4} }{2}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{-dO_{2} }{dt}[/tex]=[tex]0.5\times10^{-4}[/tex][tex]\frac{mol}{L.s}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{dNO_{2} }{2dt}[/tex]=[tex]\frac{-dNO}{2dt}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{dNO_{2} }{2dt}[/tex]=1.0×[tex]10^{-4}[/tex][tex]\frac{mol}{L.s}[/tex]

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The interaction between a large cannon and the cannonball that it fires is governed by Newton's laws of motion. During the explosion, the forces acting on both the cannon and the cannonball will affect their velocity, acceleration, impulse, momentum, and time duration of the force. Let's examine each of these factors to determine which object experiences the greatest effect.

a. Force (F)

The force experienced by the cannon and the cannonball will be equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. This is because of Newton's third law of motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. So, both the cannon and the cannonball will experience the same force during the explosion.

b. Time duration (t) of the force

The time duration of the force experienced by the cannon will be shorter than that experienced by the cannonball. This is because the cannonball is much lighter than the cannon and will take longer to slow down and stop. On the other hand, the cannon, being much heavier, will experience a shorter time duration of force.

c. Impulse (F.t)

The impulse experienced by the cannon and the cannonball will be equal. This is because the impulse is equal to the force multiplied by the time duration of the force. Since both the cannon and the cannonball experience the same force, and the time duration of the force is different for each object, the impulse will be equal for both.

d. Momentum change (m . Av)

The momentum change experienced by the cannonball will be much greater than that experienced by the cannon. This is because the momentum change is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by its velocity change. The cannonball has a much smaller mass than the cannon and will experience a much larger velocity change, leading to a larger momentum change.

e. Velocity change (Av)

The velocity change experienced by the cannonball will be much greater than that experienced by the cannon. This is because the cannonball has a much smaller mass than the cannon and will experience a much larger acceleration during the explosion.

f. Acceleration (a)

The acceleration experienced by the cannon and the cannonball will be the same. This is because acceleration is determined by the net force acting on an object and the mass of the object. Since both the cannon and the cannonball experience the same force, and the cannonball has a much smaller mass than the cannon, the acceleration will be the same for both.

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Lewis dot structure is given in photo .

What is  lewis dot structure ?

A Lewis point structure is  a type of diagram used to show the distribution of electrons within a molecule or ion. This structure was first introduced in 1916 by chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. The structure consists of dots representing electrons surrounding the chemical symbols of the atoms in the molecule, indicating the number of bonds each atom can form. The dots are placed in pairs around the element symbol and represent the valence electrons (the electrons at the outermost energy level) of that element. The number of valence electrons of an element can be obtained from the periodic table.

Lewis point structures are used to predict the number and type of bonds that form between atoms in a molecule and to predict the shape of the molecule. By connecting the points of different elements in a molecule, the lewis structure can be used to determine the bond order, or the number of bonds between two atoms. Information about bond order, combined with the arrangement of atoms in space, can be used to determine the molecular structure of a molecule.

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The final temperature of the mixture of nitric acid and calcium hydroxide can be calculated using the heat of reaction. final temperature = 20 + ΔT.

The reaction between nitric acid (HNO3) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is exothermic and releases heat:

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