The personal conflict management style that has the lowest levels of assertiveness and cooperation is **e. avoiding**.
Avoiding is a conflict management style where individuals choose not to engage or address the conflict. They may ignore the issue or try to sidestep it altogether. This approach typically lacks assertiveness, as individuals avoid confronting the conflict or expressing their needs and concerns. It also lacks cooperation, as avoiding the conflict does not involve active collaboration or seeking mutually beneficial solutions.
While avoiding may be suitable in certain situations where the issue is trivial or temporary, relying on this style as a primary approach to conflict resolution can hinder effective communication, problem-solving, and relationship building. It is important to note that the most appropriate conflict management style can vary depending on the specific context and the nature of the conflict.
To learn more about conflict
https://brainly.com/question/24556855
#SPJ11
Suppose Stuart Company has the following results related to cash flows for 2021: Net Income of $5,600,000 Increase in Accounts Payable of $600,000 Decrease in Accounts Receivable of $900,000 Depreciation of $1,900,000 Increase in Inventory of $200,000 Other Adjustments from Operating Activities of -$800,000 Assuming no other cash flow adjustments than those listed above, create a statement of cash flows with amounts in thousands. What is the Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities
1. The statement of cash flows of Stuart Company for the year ended December 31, 2021, is as follows:
Stuart Company
Statement of Cash FlowsFor the year ended December 31, 2021, $'000
Net Income $5,600
Depreciation 1,900
Other Adjustments (800)
Increase in Accounts Payable 600
Decrease in Accounts Receivable 900
Increase in Inventory (200)
Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities $8,000
2. The Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities for Stuart Company for 2021 is $8 million.
What are operating activities' cash flows?The cash flows from the operating activities section affect revenues and expenses.
They indicate the cash flows that originate from the regular business activities of the entity.
To prepare the statement of cash flows, the first items to adjust the net income are the non-cash expenses and losses and revenues and gains.
Learn more about the operating activities section at https://brainly.com/question/25530656
#SPJ1
In contrast with the traditional marketplace is the ________, which utilizes an Internet-enabled digital environment to provide the forum for marketing exchanges.
In contrast with the traditional marketplace is the market space, which utilizes an Internet-enabled digital environment to provide the forum for marketing exchanges.
Marketspace is an information and communications-based digital exchange environment. [ In the market, information and physical commodities are exchanged and traded through computers using network elements such as blogs, forums, and dedicated applications. Companies and customers engage in conversations about products and services, conversations outside the scope of a particular company (such as a physical store) when marketing campaigns or customer service issues get the consumer's attention. .. Later, the term Internet embraced the same concept.
Marketspace is information and communication-based digital exchange environment. In the market, information and physical goods are exchanged, and transactions are executed through computers using network elements such as blogs, forums, and dedicated applications.
Learn more about market space here
https://brainly.com/question/12424281
#SPJ4
Determinants of how long a firm should borrow money include?
Determinants of long a firm should borrow money include are:
⇒the seasonal environment of the business
⇒the cost of inventory
⇒the cash flow forecast
The term "capital structure" describes how a company decides to finance its projects and assets through a combination of internal resources, debt, and equity.
To lower their risk of insolvency, remain effective, and ultimately maintain or become profitable, a company should determine the ideal debt to equity ratio.
The capital structure of a company is influenced by a wide range of variables, including leverage or trading on equity, company growth, the nature and scale of the business, the desire to maintain control, the flexibility of the capital structure, investor requirements, the price to float new securities, the timing of the issue, the corporate tax rate, and the legal requirements.
To learn more about Capital Structure here
https://brainly.com/question/15041466
#SPJ1
The Grind coffee shop offers drink cards to purchasers of its gourmet coffees with ten spaces. The cashier punches one space with each coffee purchase. After all ten spaces are punched, the card can be turned in for a free coffee. This is an example of:
A unilateral contract
With each cup of coffee purchased, the cashier punches a space. The card can be used to redeem a free coffee once all ten spaces have been punched. This serves as an illustration of a unilateral contract.
-Unilateral contract - A unilateral contract explicitly states that payment will only be provided in exchange for performance by one side. A prize or a competition is another illustration of a unilateral contract. In a unilateral contract, the offeror has the right to withdraw it prior to the offeree's commencement of performance. Usually, the revocation must be made in writing. An insurance policy contract, which is typically only partially unilateral, is an illustration of a unilateral contract. The offeror is the sole party having a contractual responsibility in a unilateral contract. Most unilateral agreements are one-sided.
Learn more about the unilateral contract on https://brainly.com/question/3257527
#SPJ4
If the cpi was 90 in 1975 and is 225 today, then $100 today purchases the same amount of goods and services as:________
If the CPI was 90 in 1975 and is 225 today, then $100 today purchases the same amount of goods and services as purchased in 1975. The tool used to gauge inflation is the consumer price index (CPI). It is used to calculate the typical difference in pricing of household goods between two specified periods.
It is an overall assessment of product pricing trends while maintaining quality. It appears in the Official Journal each month. Numerous private contracts, including those involving alimony, annuities, and the minimum salary, are linked using the price index . The index of "Households that belong to the lowest equivalized disposable amount quintile.
To learn more about amount, click here.
https://brainly.com/question/13024617
#SPJ1
________ is the type of process that walmart uses to replenish their items that have sold, according to the point-of-sale system.
Just in time inventory control is the type of process that walmart uses to replenish their items that have sold, according to the point-of-sale system. Inventory management, also referred to as stock control, is the process of controlling a company's stock levels, whether they are kept in one warehouse or several.
Managing products from the time they are in stock until their eventual destination or sale is required . four types of inventory are raw materials, work-in-process , finished goods, and maintenance, repair. When you know what kind of inventory you have, you can practice better control inventory management.
To learn more about inventory, click here
https://brainly.com/question/15118949
#SPJ1
Who is responsible for maximizing the return on investment (roi)?
Product Owner is responsible for Return on investment(ROI). Return on investment (ROI) is a performance based metric that is used to assess the efficiency or profitability of an investment or to compare the efficiency of several investment.
It aims to quantify the amount of return on a specific investment in relation to the cost of investment. It can be used to rate the investment in various projects or assets and create apples-to-apples comparisons.
Return on investment (ROI) does not account for time passing or the holding duration, which means it may not account for the opportunity costs of the investment.
To learn more about Return on investment (ROI), click here
https://brainly.com/question/11913993
#SPJ4
In an adaptive or change - driven project life cycle: Group of answer choices the waterfall approach is commonly used. the product is well understood. early results lead into planning later work. all planning precedes all executing.
In an adaptive change-driven project life cycle early results lead into planning later work.
What is Management?The administration and coordination of tasks to accomplish a goal is management. Setting the organization's strategy and organizing staff efforts to achieve these goals through the application of resources available are examples of such administration activities. The seniority system used for staff workers inside a company is also referred to as management.You must acquire a variety of abilities, such as planning, communication, organization, and leadership, in order to be a successful manager. Additionally, you will require in-depth knowledge of the company's objectives and how to guide personnel, sales, and other activities toward achieving them. Although managers' responsibilities vary depending on their business and area of employment, most of them involve the same fundamental tasks.Know more about Management with the help of the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/14523862
#SPJ4
is a US veteran exempt from income requirements in petitioning for foreign spouse already in the US?
The average minimum annual income needed to apply for a green card on behalf of a spouse or family member is $22,887 is a US veteran exempt from income requirements in petitioning for foreign spouse already in the US.
Why income requirements in petitioning for foreign spouse already in the US?The average minimum annual income needed to apply for a green card on behalf of a spouse or family member is $22,887. This is presuming that the sponsor, a citizen of the United States or a person who currently holds a green card, is not serving in the military and is only sponsoring one relative.
According to the charts below, the amount of income needed increases as the size of the family does. Additionally, residents of Alaska and Hawaii will pay more than those of the District of Columbia, the 48 contiguous states, and the US territories.In general, your annual income as a sponsor equals the amount you declared on your most recent federal income tax return (not a state form). This sum is as of the 2021 tax year. Before naturalizing, spouses often need to be lawful permanent residents. The service member must submit Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative, along with the biometrics fee, and the spouse must submit Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status.Learn more about petitioning foreign US here:
https://brainly.com/question/24013754
#SPJ4
Why do you think companies are moving toward flatter, more organic structures? Do you think this is appropriate?
Answer:
shortage out of stock and the is no more fresh grown food
Two partners own equal shares in a business worth a total of $1,000,000. If they both commit to the purchase of a life insurance policy that will fund a Buy-Sell Agreement, which of the following is True
D) Each partner owns a $500,000 policy on their partner's life.
The amount of coverage is equivalent to each accomplice's share of the commercial enterprise. While one partner dies, the opposite companion gets the loss of life benefit from the lifestyle insurance of the deceased accomplice, which is then used to buy the deceased accomplice's ownership of the commercial enterprise.
The motive of key man or woman insurance is to mitigate the loss to the economic company due to the lack of existence of a key employee. All of the following beneficiaries get to maintain the dying advantages exempt from probate: partner.
In case you are a task supervisor, you might be wondering if you need to buy coverage. Assignment managers want to shop for coverage. At the least, all venture managers have to have prison responsibility coverage. In case you do not have felony duty coverage, a lawsuit can also need to take a big part of your income.
Your question is incomplete. Please find below the complete question.
Two partners own equal shares in a business worth a total of $1,000,000. If they both commit to the purchase of a life insurance policy that will fund a Buy-Sell Agreement, which of the following is TRUE?
A)Each partner owns a $1,000,000 policy on their own life
B)Each partner owns a $1,000,000 policy on their partner's life
C)Each partner owns a $500,000 policy on their own life
D)Each partner owns a $500,000 policy on their partner's life
Learn more about insurance here https://brainly.com/question/25855858
#SPJ4
To analyze a multiple flow process using a single flow, we must define what constitutes a ______ flow unit.
To analyze a multiple flow process using a single flow, we must constitute a Good flow unit.
The three key performance indicators for business processes are flow rate/throughput, inventory, and lead time. In the definitions below, the term "flow unit" is often used. A flow unit is the basic unit of analysis in any scenario (customer, sandwich, phone call, etc.).
Flow Rate / Throughput: The number of flow units (customers, money, goods/services produced, etc.) that go through the business process per unit of time. B. Customers served per hour or parts produced per minute. Flow rate is usually the average velocity.
Learn more about cash flow here: https://brainly.com/question/735261
#SPJ4
________________ is the next best alternative that had to be sacrificed (given up) to pursue a certain undertaking.
Opportunity cost is the next best alternative that had to be sacrificed (given up) to pursue a certain undertaking.
The loss of value or benefit that would result from engaging in a certain activity option in comparison to engaging in an alternative activity that offers a higher return in value or benefit is known as the opportunity cost.
Opportunity cost is the profit that is forfeited when one option is chosen over another. The idea serves merely as a reminder to weigh all viable options before making a choice. For instance, you decide to invest $1,000,000 in a line of goods that will yield a 5% return.
To learn more about opportunity cost here
https://brainly.com/question/12121515
#SPJ4
Cesar’s annual homeowners insurance premium is $972.80. if his home is valued at $253,000, roughly how much is cesar paying for homeowners insurance?
Cesar’s annual homeowners insurance premium is $972.80. if his home is valued at $253,000, therefore $253000/$972.80 = $260 per $100000 of value or $0.26 per $100 of value.
Every home insurance policy has a limit of liability, which determines the amount of coverage the insured has in the event of an accident. The standard limit is usually set at $100,000, but policyholders can choose a higher limit.
In the event of a claim, Limitation of Liability states the percentage of the sum insured that will be used to replace or repair damage to the structure of the property, personal effects and living expenses. elsewhere while the property is being worked on.
Homeowners insurance may be a form of property insurance that covers losses and damages to an individual's house and assets in the home. The policy usually covers interior damage, exterior damage, loss or damage of private assets, and injury that arises while on the property.
Every homeowners policy has a liability limit, which determines the quantity of coverage the insured has should an unfortunate incident occur. Homeowners insurance shouldn't be confused with a home warranty or with mortgage insurance.
To learn more about insurance policy:
https://brainly.com/question/25855858
#SPJ4
If the inflation rate is 2 percent and the real interest rate is 7 percent, then the nominal interest rate is-____________.
The nominal interest rate is 9%.
What is the nominal interest rate?
Interest rate is the rate earned on deposits or the rate charged on loans. Interest rate could be real interest rate or nominal interest rate. Nominal interest rate is real interest rate plus inflation rate. Real interest rate is interest rate that has been adjusted for inflation. Inflation rate is the rate at which the general price levels in the economy is increasing.
Nominal interest rate = real interest rate + nominal interest rate
2% + 7% = 9%
To learn more about interest rate, please check: https://brainly.com/question/14935026
#SPJ1
If the wage rate decreases from $17 to $13, by how much will the firm expand employment?
a. 5 workers
b. 4 workers
c. 3 workers
d. 2 workers
Option D. If the wage rate should decrease from $17 to $13, the firm is going to expand by a total of 2 workers.
What is the wage rate?This can be defined as the amount of money that is used to pay for labor. The wage rate is the base wage that is paid to a worker at a time based on the unit of work that they have done in an establishment. It is the amount that is paid based on a person's output.
How to solve for the wage rateWe have to solve for the expanse in employment by first considering the rate that is to be paid for an extra unit of labor
Hence if the firm should decrease wage rate the number of workers that would be available at 17 dollars = 6 workers
At 13 dollars = 4 workers
Hence the change would be solved as
6 workers - 4 workers
= 2 workers
Hence we have to conclude that the firm would have to expand labor by a total of two workers.
Read more on wage rate here:
https://brainly.com/question/17236532
#SPJ1
A comparable property showed adjusted value of $40,000. The property sold two years ago, and the adjustments indicated a 7% annual appreciation rate. Assuming the appreciation was the only adjustment, how much was the total adjustment
Answer:
5063
Explanation:
5796 is the correct answer.
P = 40,000 Value of building sold 2 years ago
i = 75 Inflation rate
t = 2 years
V = Current value
V = P(1+i)^t
V = 40000(1.07)2 1.07 = 1+0.07 where 0.07 is the percentage increase in decimal
V = 45,796
The percentage increase is the difference between the current value and the value two years ago.
45796 - 40000 = 5796
A home valuation refers to a home or investment property that appreciates in value over time. As the property increases in value, the owner can sell it for a profit or receive more income from the tenants through monthly rent.
A valuation or capital appreciation is an increase in the price or value of an asset. Valuation occurs when the market value of an asset is higher than the price an investor paid for that asset. It may refer to an increase in the value of real estate, stocks, bonds, or other investable assets.
Disclaimer: Learn more about the annual appreciation rate here https://brainly.com/question/18297079
#SPJ4
In maximizing profits, a single-price monopolist will charge a price that is:
In maximizing profits, a single-price monopolist will charge a price that is greater than marginal cost.
The profit-maximizing choice for the monopoly will be to supply at the quantity wherein marginal sales are identical to marginal price: this is, MR = MC. If the monopoly produces a lower quantity, then MR > MC at those degrees of output, and the firm could make better income through increasing output.
Income maximization for a monopoly charging a single price will arise in which marginal revenue is the same as marginal cost. it's miles crucial to note that this gives the earnings maximizing quantity however the fee is determined by means of going as much as the call for the curve.
The monopolist's income maximizing level of output is determined by equating its marginal sales with its marginal value, that's the same profit-maximizing circumstance that a superbly aggressive firm uses to decide its equilibrium stage of output.
Learn more about marginal cost here: https://brainly.com/question/11689872
#SPJ4
You know that spreadsheets work well for processing and analyzing a small dataset, like the one you’re using. to get the data from the database into a spreadsheet, what should you do?
To get the data from the database into a spreadsheet, we should do: Download the data as a . CSV file, then import it into a spreadsheet.
Databases are collections and combinations of interrelated organized information that can easily be accessed, managed, updated, and can modify.
Database systems are essential to your business, and school because they communicate information related to your sales transactions, product inventory, and marketing activities.
Data is typically stored electronically in a computer system. A database is usually controlled by a database management system (DBMS).
learn more about database here
https://brainly.com/question/518894
#SPJ1
Assume that you are interested in earning some return on idle balances you usually keep in your checking account and decide to buy some money market mutual fund shares by writing a check. Everything else theâ same, M1 will â¼ stay the same decrease increase and M2 will
M1 will decrease, M2 will stay the same, after deciding to buy some money market mutual fund shares.
What are mutual funds?A corporation that pools money from several people and invests it in securities like stocks, bonds, and short-term debt is known as a mutual fund. The portfolio of a mutual fund refers to all of its holdings. Mutual fund shares are purchased by investors. Each share reflects a shareholder's ownership interest in the fund and the revenue it produces. Money market funds, bond funds, stock funds, and target date funds are the four primary categories into which most mutual funds fit.Money market funds are comparatively risk-free. They are only permitted by law to invest in a select group of high-quality, short-term securities issued by American businesses and national, state, and municipal governments.
Therefore, M1 will decrease, M2 will stay the same.
Know more about mutual funds with the help of the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/22525531
True or false: when investors purchase shares of stock from a corporation, it is recorded by the corporation as investments in securities.
A. True
B. False
True, investing in stocks entails purchasing stock in a publicly traded company. Those small shares are referred to as company's stock, by investing in it, you are hoping that company will grow and perform well over time. A stock is a financial investment in a particular company.
When you buy a stock, you are purchasing a share small portion of the company's earnings and assets. Company raise funds by selling shares of stock in their company; investors can then buy and sell those shares among themselves. You can buy stocks through the broker's website after opening and funding your account.
To learn more about stock click here
https://brainly.com/question/22088657
#SPJ4
contains funds you have in your bank checking account as travelers' checks and the currency in circulation in the economy.
M1 contains funds you have in your bank checking account as travelers' checks and the currency in circulation in the economy.
What exactly is M1?Currency, demand deposits, and other liquid deposits, such as savings accounts, make up M1, which is the money supply. Due to the fact that M1 contains assets and currencies that are either already cash or can be swiftly changed into cash, it is the most liquid element of the money supply. M2 and M3's "near money" and "near, near money," which fall under these categories, cannot, however, be changed to money as rapidly.
How to Determine M1?
The coins and notes of the Federal Reserve that are in circulation outside of the vaults of depository institutions and the Federal Reserve Banks make up the M1 money supply, also known as bills or paper money. The mainstay of a country's monetary system is paper money.
M1 also comprises demand deposits, other checkable deposits (OCDs), traveler's checks (issued by non-banks), NOW accounts at depository institutions, and credit union share draft accounts.
M1 covers securities that are easily redeemable and in circulation for the majority of central banks. However, the term varies a little bit depending on where you are.
Learn more about M1 with the help of the given link:
brainly.com/question/15584887
#SPJ4
The real interest rate adjusts the nominal interest rate for:__________.
a.government controls.
b.inflation.
c.exchange rate movements.
d. income growth.
e. none of these are correct.
The real interest rate adjusts the nominal interest rate for inflation. Price increases, or inflation, can be thought of as the gradual loss of purchasing power.
The average price increase of a selection of products and services over time can serve as a proxy for interest rate at which buying power declines. A unit of currency effectively buys less as a result of the increase in pricing. Deflation, which happens when prices fall and buying power rises, can be compared to inflation. Inflation enables a single value representation of the rise in the cost of goods and services over time in an economy.
To learn more about inflation, click here
https://brainly.com/question/15692461
#SPJ1
When considering the benefit of free trade in neighboring countries, one government might favor lowering trade barriers but won't do it because of a lack of Blank______ in the other nation.Multiple choice question.powertrustvaluerights
When considering the benefit of free trade in neighboring countries, one government might favor lowering trade barriers but won't do it because of a lack of B)trust in the other nation.
Alternate boundaries raise the price of products in blanketed industries. If one's products are inputs in other industries, it increases their production charges and then costs, so sales fall in those other industries. Decrease sales result in decreased employment.
Possibly the most not unusual political argument for government intervention is that it's miles essential to protect jobs and industries from unfair overseas opposition. Opposition is most customarily regarded as unfair whilst manufacturers in the exporting USA are sponsored in some way by using their authorities.
Import tariffs lessen the general performance of the arena economy. They lessen performance due to the fact a protective tariff encourages home firms to supply products at domestic that, in idea, may be produced extra correctly abroad.
Learn more about free trade here https://brainly.com/question/10608502
#SPJ4
A small business owner with an egalitarian view of race who nonetheless refuses to hire people of a minority race out of deference to her customers is practicing
Answer: discrimination without prejudice
Explanation: The owner respects her customer's practice against Latinos.
Which research method allows in-depth feedback and firsthand interaction, but only measures how easy it is to use a product
The research method allows for in-depth feedback and first-hand interaction, but only measures how easy it is to use a product, is the usability study.
What is the Usability Study?Corresponds to a research practice used by companies to test the use of a product before its official launch, making it available to a small number of users to test its features, benefits and improvement needs.
Therefore, the usability study helps a company to achieve its real goals, improving some features and improving it until its market launch.
Find out more about usability study here:
https://brainly.com/question/26180564
#SPJ1
Revenues, gains, and investments by owners are all increases in net assets. what are the distinctions among them?
Investments by owners differ from revenues and gains, as in that they represent transfers by owners to the entity, and they do not arise from activities intended to produce income.
Revenues are increases in assets resulting from a business. Gains are increases in assets from out of the ordinary activities. Thus, investments by owners differ from revenues and gains.
Both revenues and gains can be considered as income or part of the income. Revenues differ from gains, as in that they arise from the entity's ongoing major or central operations. Gains arise from incidental transactions.
Hence, revenues, gains, and investments by owners are all increases in net assets.
To learn more about revenues and gains here:
https://brainly.com/question/18560158
#SPJ4
Small businesses can compete with larger rivals with bigger budgets by employing unconventional, low-cost creative techniques known as:___________.
Small businesses can compete with larger rivals with bigger budgets by employing unconventional, low-cost creative techniques known as bootstrap marketing stratergy.
Companies that lack a large staff of marketing specialists frequently use "bootstrap marketing" to promote their brands. Pulling oneself up by one's bootstraps is the expression from which "bootstrap marketing" gets its name. Marketers who employ bootstrapping strategies rely more on fortitude, cunning, and strength than on significant expenditures and cutting-edge technology.
One of the earliest, most efficient, and budget-friendly elements in any bootstrap marketing effort are business cards. It's customary to trade business cards during in-person social events. Some marketers purposefully tuck business cards into reference books on their industry.
Local social networking sites give business owners a direct channel of communication with local clients, while internet social networking expands that reach globally.
Hence, Small businesses can compete with larger rivals with bigger budgets by employing unconventional, low-cost creative techniques known as bootstrap marketing stratergy.
Learn more about marketing stratergy:
https://brainly.com/question/24804191
#SPJ1
small businesses can compete with larger rivals with bigger budgets by employing unconventional, low-cost creative techniques known as bootstrap marketing strategies.
What is Bootstrap Marketing? It's mostly a mindset. It allows you to do more than you think—and you don't have to invest much to do it. When it comes to marketing, you have to think outside the box. In other words, bootstrapping means doing things yourself at little or no cost.
A bootstrap marketing plan should achieve three goals: Identify specific target markets that your small business serves. Identify customer needs and desires through market research. Strategies around them to communicate their value proposition to the target market.
Learn more about bootstrap marketing strategies here: https://brainly.com/question/17150717
#SPJ1
Setting standards, measuring performance, and comparing performance to standards are the:_____.
Setting standards, measuring performance, and comparing performance to standards are the parts of controlling.
Control is a management function that aids in error detection and the implementation of corrective measures. This is done to reduce departure from standards and make that the organization's stated goals are met in the desired way.
Controlling is a management function that aids in obtaining desired results from employees at all organizational levels, including managers and subordinates. The managing function aids in tracking advancement toward corporate objectives, identifies deviations, and suggests necessary remedial action.
Learn more about controlling here
https://brainly.com/question/25453419
#SPJ4
Why do businesses curb or express concern about the amount of time employees use computers for personal communication while they're on the job
Employees use it to take a break from difficult work. Businesses curb or express concern about the number of times employees use computers for personal communication while they are on the job.
What are work ethics?Work ethic is the conviction that hard work and perseverance have moral benefits and an innate capacity, virtue, or value to develop one's abilities and character. It is a set of ideas centered on the value of labor and exhibited by the will or desire to put in a lot of effort.
Following corporate policies, communicating effectively, accepting responsibility, being accountable, being professional, and having faith in and respect for your coworkers at work are all examples of ethical workplace behavior. These illustrations of moral behavior guarantee the highest level of output at the workplace.
Strong work ethic individuals are dependable, committed, productive, cooperative, and self-disciplined.
To know more about employees refer to: https://brainly.com/question/24197210
#SPJ4